Classification and Surgical Correction of Asymmetric Calves in Asians

Suh, In Suck; Jung, Min Su; Lee, Byeong Ho; Kim, Joo Hyun; Tak, Kyoung; Ahn, Duk Kyun

doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000000699

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Several invasive surgical methods had been attempted for reducing the calf circumference, but there are some considerable disadvantages, such as the risk associated with anesthesia, postoperative hemorrhage, edema, hematoma, infection, scarring, sensory impairment and surface irregularity . Liposuction, on the other hand, may not be much of useful because the shape and the size of calves are determined mainly by the gastrocnemius muscle rather than by subcutaneous fat …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

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A pilot study comparing the efficacy of two formulations of botulinum toxin type A for muscular calves contouring

Wanitphakdeedecha

Ungaksornpairote

Kaewkes

et al. 2018

J of Cosmetic Dermatology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…Women with long legs and small calves are considered to be more attractive; meanwhile, Asian women tend to have shorter legs with larger calves. This condition may cause low self‐esteem and lack of confidence that leads to psychological stress …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A pilot study comparing the efficacy of two formulations of botulinum toxin type A for muscular calves contouring

Wanitphakdeedecha

Ungaksornpairote

Kaewkes

et al. 2018

J of Cosmetic Dermatology

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show abstract

“…Aesthetically, Asian women are in favor of slim and smooth‐looking calves than oversized ones with conspicuous muscular bulging 7 . Gastrocnemius hypertrophy, a major factor causing the calf contour to be unattractive, can be improved through a variety of treatments including liposuction, 8,9 tibial nerve motor branches innervating gastrocnemius neurotomy, 10–12 and selective resection of gastrocnemius 13,14 . BoNT‐A‐A injection, featuring less pain and fewer complications, has become the most common procedure.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrasonographic analysis of the calves for efficient botulinum toxin type A injection

Chong

Zhang

et al. 2022

J of Cosmetic Dermatology

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According to the aesthetic standards of Asians, having large calves is considered a hindrance to lower leg beauty. Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A), functioning as a synaptic junction blocker to reduce muscle contraction, is widely used to treat muscle hypertrophy, and its efficacy has been demonstrated by previous studies in young Asians. 1 Different from small-size muscles like masseter, gastrocnemius muscle (GM) is a relatively large muscle that is difficult to be totally covered by BoNT-A. To obtain a better outcome, multiple injection protocols have been executed and revised by different researchers to paralyze gastrocnemius muscle as evenly as possible. This requires a profound knowledge of the morphology of gastrocnemius muscle. [2][3][4] However, our major perception of the gastrocnemius muscle mainly originated from cadaveric anatomical data. The anatomical information in the living body remains unknown. B-mode ultrasound imaging is a cost-effective method to acquire real-time visualization of a patient's anatomical structure, which has been used to access the effectiveness of BoNT-A injection by measuring muscle thickness change. [4][5][6] Yet, the specific baseline data is rarely disclosed in detail. This study, therefore, applies ultrasonography intending to

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“…Selective neurectomy of the nerves innervating the calf muscles is useful to treat compensatory calf hypertrophy associated with calf reduction surgery [1]. Surgery can also be performed to directly remove the muscle.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Restoration of calf deformities in a 35-year-old man following 2 calf reduction surgical procedures

Cho

2018

J Cosmet Med

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Young Clinic, Seoul, Rep. of Korea Calf surgery for slender and proportionate calves is currently being performed not only in women but also in Korean men. Calf liposuction or calf muscle resection can cause several adverse effects including contour deformities, adhesions, and contraction and shortening of muscles, among others. This case report describes reconstructive surgery for a calf deformity and complications of compensatory calf muscle hypertrophy after 2 muscle resection surgeries performed in a 35-year-old man. In this case, muscle resection-induced compensatory muscle hypertrophy can be treated by a selective nerve block. Adhesion of skin to muscle fascia and dermal dimples can be treated by fat transplantation with stem cells and injecting stem cells directly into the muscle layer.

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Classification and Surgical Correction of Asymmetric Calves in Asians

Abstract: Therapeutic, IV.

Cited by 15 publications

References 17 publications

A pilot study comparing the efficacy of two formulations of botulinum toxin type A for muscular calves contouring

A pilot study comparing the efficacy of two formulations of botulinum toxin type A for muscular calves contouring

Ultrasonographic analysis of the calves for efficient botulinum toxin type A injection

Restoration of calf deformities in a 35-year-old man following 2 calf reduction surgical procedures

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