Classification, function, and advances in tsRNA in non-neoplastic diseases

Abstract

AbstracttRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are non-coding small RNAs produced by specific endonucleases following the processing and splicing of precursor or mature tRNAs upon starvation, oxidative stress, hypoxia, and other adverse conditions. tRNAs are classified into two major categories, tRNA fragments (tRFs) and tRNA-derived stress-induced small RNAs (tiRNAs), based on differences in splice sites. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technologies in recent years, tsRNAs have been found to have important biological functions, including inhibition of apoptosis, epigenetic regulation, cell–cell communication, translation, and regulation of gene expression. Additionally, these molecules have been found to be aberrantly expressed in various diseases and to be involved in several pathological processes. In this article, the classification and nomenclature, biological functions, and potential use of tsRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets in non-neoplastic diseases are reviewed. Although tsRNA research is at its infancy, their potential in the treatment of non-tumor diseases warrants further investigation.

Regulation of Angiogenesis by Non-Coding RNAs in Cancer

“…tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs derived from different regions of tRNA, including the 5 ′ end, 3 ′ end, and internal regions. tsRNAs can regulate gene expression and thereby influence important biological processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis [138]. One study has demonstrated that tsRNA-26576 is highly expressed in breast tissues and functions in promoting tumor cell proliferation and inhibiting tumor cell apoptosis [139].…”

tsRNA: A Promising Biomarker in Breast Cancer

“…Depending on the different cleavage sites of tRNAs, tRFs can be divided into tRF-1, tRF-2, tRF-3, tRF-5 and i-tRF, and tiRNA can be classified into 5'-tiRNA and 3'-tiRNA 2 , 5 . Extensive research has confirmed that tsRNA can act as functional molecules, thereby affecting the progression of diseases 6 - 9 .…”