Classification of Diesel Fuel Using Two-Dimensional Fluorescence Spectroscopy

Abstract

Air pollution is a serious problem, and to decrease the emission of pollutants, governments have established environmental rules to limit the concentration of sulfur in diesel fuel. Control of sulfur content in diesel streams demands online measurement of this component, with low pure time delay and easy operation. In this regard, two-dimensional (2D) fluorescence spectroscopy becomes a promising choice for soft-sensor development. Despite fluorescence qualities, translation of fluorescence spectroscopic data into process knowledge is not a simple task, demanding multivariate analysis. This work aims to evaluate the applicability of 2D fluorescence spectroscopy for monitoring ultralow sulfur diesel streams (Diesel S10) and the capability of differentiation between ULSD and diesel streams with a higher sulfur concentration (Diesel S100). The evaluation of the different sample groups' fluorescence spectra made clear the ability of the technique to capture changes in the composition between Diesel S10 and Diesel S100. The results obtained using partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and random forest (RF) shows that fluorescence spectroscopy can be applied for the classification of Diesel S10 and Diesel S100 test samples. Models calibrated with both methodologies achieved 100% correct classification. The RF implementation was better in the selection of a few specific excitation/emission pairs (four) that could be used in the development of a customized sensor for diesel fuel classification.

Prediction of sulfur content in diesel fuel using fluorescence spectroscopy and a hybrid ant colony - Tabu Search algorithm with polynomial bases expansion

“…To implement advanced controlling techniques to the HDS, it is of utmost importance to be able to predict in real-time the sulfur concentration of the desulfurized product. As can be seen in works as [11,[59][60][61], EEM fluorescence spectroscopy can be used as a non-invasive, fast, and sensitive technique to capture information about total sulfur content in diesel fuel. After HDS, most of the oil's sulfur is contained in stable polycyclic aromatic molecules as benzothiophenes and dibenzothiophenes, being the latter the hardest sulfur to remove in diesel oil [62,63].…”

“…The dataset used in this study is the one gathered by Ranzan et al [11]: excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectra of sixty-one samples of diesel fuel, provided and certified by a Brazilian petroleum refinery. The samples were characterized as Diesel S10 (samples with total sulfur lower than 10 ppm) and Diesel S100 (samples with average total sulfur around 100 ppm).…”

“…In many applications, the number of available input features can reach hundreds or even thousands of variables (e.g., image classification [7][8][9], spectral data [10][11][12], and industrial processes [13,14]). However, data can be associated with a high level of noise, collinearity, and be filled with irrelevant or redundant variables [15].…”

Study of the Synchrotron Photoionization Oxidation of Alpha-Angelica Lactone (AAL) Initiated by O(3P) at 298, 550, and 700 K

“…During the last century, fossil fuels have been used as the main source of energy in the world [ 1 ]. Natural sources, such as the burning of forests and volcanoes, human activities including the combustion of fossil fuels for transportation and power generation, and agriculture, release billions of tons of pollutants into the atmosphere each year [ 2 , 3 ].…”

“…Natural sources, such as the burning of forests and volcanoes, human activities including the combustion of fossil fuels for transportation and power generation, and agriculture, release billions of tons of pollutants into the atmosphere each year [ 2 , 3 ]. Fossil fuel combustion increases in the atmosphere the levels of dangerous contaminants, such as sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ), nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ), carbon monoxide (CO), ground-level ozone, and particulate matter (PM), which cause environmental damage and are dangerous for human health [ 1 , 4 ].…”