“…The intrinsic disadvantages of biosensors, such as the cell-dependent staining are being addressed via continued research in chemistry and material sciences, biofabrication methods, and the introduction of novel non-invasive optical imaging techniques, such as near-infrared II light-sheet microscopy [152,224,225], potentially using single cell analysis approaches merged with high-content [173,174] and FLIM-based multiplexing [152,226,227]. Essentially, combining mentioned analytical chemistry, biomedical optics and advanced cell biology techniques must be logically integrated with machine learning and advanced modeling approaches [108,[228][229][230][231][232] to further address the viability, reproducibility, and 'sustainability' of the popular 3D tissue models.…”