Classification of Protein Aggregates1

Narhi, Linda O.; Schmit, Jeremy D.; Bechtold-Peters, Karoline; Sharma, Deepak K.

doi:10.1002/jps.22790

Cited by 209 publications

(146 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Particle sizes from 0.1 to 1 µm were categorized as submicron particles. 19) It is recommended that different analytical methods be combined for each sample to overcome the limitations of using a single method to determine size range, concentration range, or delivered parameters. 20,21) In clinical situations, final protein products are frequently diluted or rehydrated with intravenous fluids to achieve the appropriate dose, and the prepared injection is administrated to the patient.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstitution of L-Asparaginase in Siliconized Syringes with Shaking and Headspace Air Induces Protein Aggregation

Uchino

Miyazaki

Ohkawa

et al. 2015

CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN

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The aim of this study was to characterize protein aggregation during reconstitution of a highly concentrated solution of lyophilized L-asparaginase (L-ASP). The effect of the preparation method on L-ASP aggregation using siliconized or non-siliconized syringes and the effect of storage after preparation were evaluated by far-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy, Raman microscopy, flow cytometry, and flow particle image analysis. To investigate the effect of syringe type in combination with shaking and headspace air on L-ASP aggregation, four kinds of L-ASP in 5% glucose solutions were prepared (in the presence or absence of silicon oil and headspace air). Slight differences in L-ASP secondary structure were observed between the siliconized and non-siliconized syringe systems before shaking. Large numbers of sub-visible (0.1-100 µm) and submicron (0.1-1 µm) particles were formed by preparation with siliconized syringes and the combination of shaking and headspace air. The number of aggregated particles was not decreased with increased storage time. The Raman microscopy, flow cytometry and flow particle image results suggested that L-ASP interacted with silicone oil, which induced aggregation. Nevertheless, sub-visible and submicron particles were also formed with non-siliconized syringes. However, using non-siliconized syringes, the number of aggregated particles decreased with storage. No changes in particle character were observed before or after shaking with headspace air in non-siliconized syringes, indicating that soluble aggregates formed and dissolved with storage. Silicone oil in syringes, in combination with shaking and headspace air, strongly affected the aggregation of lyophilized L-ASP formulations during preparation.Key words protein aggregation; silicone oil; L-asparaginase (L-ASP); sub-visible particle; flow cytometry; Raman microscopy Various therapeutic proteins have been commercialized owing to recent advances in biotechnology and formulation. These therapeutic proteins are used for the treatment of numerous diseases including cancer, autoimmune diseases, and diabetes mellitus. However, it has been reported that protein aggregates in these products have caused side effects, immunogenicity, and allergic reactions.1-3) Substantial effort has been expended to develop stable formulations to prevent these events. These stable formulations are necessary for safe and effective pharmaceutical therapies.There has been great interest in the external stress affecting protein stability during production, filling, shipment, storage, and final administration. [4][5][6] These external stressors include temperature changes, lyophilization, rehydration, oxidation, and light exposure. [5][6][7] Interactions between proteins and foreign materials, such as rubber, metal particles, and administration devices, can also occur. [8][9][10][11][12] For injectable formulations, syringes (glass or polypropylene) and needles are used for reconstitution and administration. In these devices, silicone oil is used as a lubricant ...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reconstitution of L-Asparaginase in Siliconized Syringes with Shaking and Headspace Air Induces Protein Aggregation

Uchino

Miyazaki

Ohkawa

et al. 2015

CHEMICAL & PHARMACEUTICAL BULLETIN

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“…Table 6 Methods for aggregate anaylsis in therapeutic protein development [350,351]. Aggregation is a broad term, encompassing the interactions which result in the self-association of protein molecules into assemblies other than their native quaternary structures [350,353]. The aggregates can range considerably in size, from dimers up to subvisible and even visible particles; they can involve covalent or non-covalent linkages, be ordered or disordered in structure, be soluble or insoluble, and their formation can be reversible or irreversible.…”

Section: Role and Engineering Of Aggregationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of immunochemistry in human health: advances in vaccinology and antibody design (IUPAC Technical Report)

Klein

Templeton

Schwenk

2014

Pure and Applied Chemistry

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This report discusses the history and mechanisms of vaccination of humans as well as the engineering of therapeutic antibodies. Deeper understanding of the molecular interactions involved in both acquired and innate immunity is allowing sophistication in design of modified and even synthetic vaccines. Recombinant DNA technologies are facilitating development of DNA-based vaccines, for example, with the recognition that unmethylated CpG sequences in plasmid DNA will target Toll-like receptors on antigen-presenting cells. Formulations of DNA vaccines with increased immunogenicity include engineering into plasmids with "genetic adjuvant" capability, incorporation into polymeric or magnetic nanoparticles, and formulation with cationic polymers and other polymeric and non-polymeric coatings. Newer methods of delivery, such as particle bombardment, DNA tattooing, electroporation, and magnetic delivery, are also improving the effectiveness of DNA vaccines. RNA-based vaccines and reverse vaccinology based on gene sequencing and bioinformatic approaches are also considered. Structural vaccinology is an approach in which the detailed molecular structure of viral epitopes is used to design synthetic antigenic peptides. Virus-like particles are being designed for vaccine deliveries that are based on structures of viral capsid proteins and other synthetic lipopeptide building blocks. A new generation of adjuvants is being developed to further enhance immunogenicity, based on squalene and other oil-water emulsions, saponins, muramyl dipeptide, immunostimulatory oligonucleotides, Toll-like receptor ligands, and lymphotoxins. Finally, current trends in engineering of therapeutic antibodies including improvements of antigen-binding properties, pharmacokinetic and pharmaceutical properties, and reduction of immunogenicity are discussed. Taken together, understanding the chemistry of vaccine design, delivery and immunostimulation, and knowledge of the techniques of antibody design are allowing targeted development for the treatment of chronic disorders characterized by continuing activation of the immune system, such as autoimmune disorders, cancer, or allergies that have long been refractory to conventional approaches.

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“…One of the major concerns for proteins is their tendency to aggregate (Wang and Roberts 2010;Narhi et al 2012) with potential consequences for safety, in particular immunogenicity (Singh 2011;Marszal and Fowler 2012). Although proteins are capable of forming irreversible aggregates, they can also undergo concentration dependent reversible self-association, which could be a concern during processing steps such as freezing large volumes leading to concentration gradients or long-term storage of high concentration proteins for the 1.5-2 years typically required for pharmaceuticals.…”

Section: Early Investigations Into Protein Self-associationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment and significance of protein–protein interactions during development of protein biopharmaceuticals

Yadav¹,

Li²,

Scherer³

et al. 2013

Biophys Rev

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Early development of protein biotherapeutics using recombinant DNA technology involved progress in the areas of cloning, screening, expression and recovery/purification. As the biotechnology industry matured, resulting in marketed products, a greater emphasis was placed on development of formulations and delivery systems requiring a better understanding of the chemical and physical properties of newly developed protein drugs. Biophysical techniques such as analytical ultracentrifugation, dynamic and static light scattering, and circular dichroism were used to study protein-protein interactions during various stages of development of protein therapeutics. These studies included investigation of protein self-association in many of the early development projects including analysis of highly glycosylated proteins expressed in mammalian CHO cell cultures. Assessment of protein-protein interactions during development of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody that binds to IgE were important in understanding the pharmacokinetics and dosing for this important biotherapeutic used to treat severe allergic IgE-mediated asthma. These studies were extended to the investigation of monoclonal antibodyantigen interactions in human serum using the fluorescent detection system of the analytical ultracentrifuge. Analysis by sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation was also used to investigate competitive binding to monoclonal antibody targets. Recent development of high concentration protein formulations for subcutaneous administration of therapeutics posed challenges, which resulted in the use of dynamic and static light scattering, and preparative analytical ultracentrifugation to understand the self-association and rheological properties of concentrated monoclonal antibody solutions.

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Classification of Protein Aggregates1

Cited by 209 publications

References 20 publications

Reconstitution of L-Asparaginase in Siliconized Syringes with Shaking and Headspace Air Induces Protein Aggregation

Reconstitution of L-Asparaginase in Siliconized Syringes with Shaking and Headspace Air Induces Protein Aggregation

Applications of immunochemistry in human health: advances in vaccinology and antibody design (IUPAC Technical Report)

Assessment and significance of protein–protein interactions during development of protein biopharmaceuticals

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