Classification of Various Bottled Mineral Waters Marketed in Djibouti

Abstract

In this study, nineteen different brands of bottled mineral waters (7 brands local and 12 brands imported) were collected from supermarkets and independent food stores throughout Djibouti. The chemical composition mentioned on the labels of the nineteen bottled mineral waters has made the subject of a first verification by Ionic Balance Error (IBE). It was found out of the nineteen brands selected, 12 brands (2 brands local and 10 brands imported) had acceptable charge balance error. Correlation Analysis (CA), Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) were used to analyze the data collected from the labels of bottled water. The obtained results showed that the 12 brands of studied waters can be grouped in 4 distinct classes with similar chemical characteristics. Two local and one imported brands have the same chemical composition but marketed under different names. It was observed that the chemical content local water brands were within the normal range prescribed by both WHO and USEPA except five imported water brands that have concentration values Ca, HCO 3 , Mg and SO 4 beyond acceptable standards. Total hardness values classified most of the studied brands from moderate to very hard water.

Chemical Characterization and Statistical Analysis of Bottled Waters in Algeria

“…(2) This validation process is a prerequisite for a reliable presentation of the analysis results and their interpretation (Labadi and Hammache, 2016;Mouhoumed et al, 2020 ).…”

“…However, tap water is drinkable, but its quality is not guaranteed, due to problems of infiltration in the pipes in the event of rain, for example (Saleh, 2001;Blackburn et al, 2004;Mouhoumed et al, 2020) or the presence of certain organic compounds, which cannot be completely removed during conventional treatment steps (Zhan et al, 2010). Such examples convince the public to use bottled mineral water (Baba, 2007).…”

“…Such examples convince the public to use bottled mineral water (Baba, 2007). The reasons for this choice are mainly aesthetic and closely related to unpleasant tastes and odors (Saleh, 2001;Mouhoumed et al, 2020;Hadbi and Hamoudi Abdeamir, 2020).…”

“…Today, billions of liters of water are sold in all types of packaging and containers (Al Rayes et al, 2013). Bottled water represents one of the fastest growing beverage markets in the world (Versari, 2002: Samek 2004 and recent projections indicate that it is likely to overtake non-alcoholic beverages and become the most large beverage category by volume (Mouhoumed et al, 2020).…”

Design, Construction and Experimental Study of a Solar Still for Brackish Water Purification under Djiboutian Climate

“…The salinity of much of this water greatly exceeds the standards of the World Health Organization (WHO) [4]. However, tap water is drinkable, but its quality is not guaranteed (problems of infiltration in the pipes in case of rain, for example) and a rather salty flavour [5].…”