Classification, Structure, and Bioactive Functions of Oligosaccharides in Milk

Abstract

Milk oligosaccharides are the complex mixture of six monosaccharides namely, D-glucose, D-galactose, N-acetyl-glucosamine, N-acetyl-galactosamine, L-fucose, and N-acetyl-neuraminic acid. The mixture is categorized as neutral and acidic classes. Previously, 25 oligosaccharides in bovine milk and 115 oligosaccharides in human milk have been characterized. Because human intestine lacks the enzyme to hydrolyze the oligosaccharide structures, these substances can reach the colon without degradation and are known to have many health beneficial functions. It has been shown that this fraction of carbohydrate can increase the bifidobacterial population in the intestine and colon, resulting in a significant reduction of pathogenic bacteria. The role of milk oligosaccharides as a barrier against pathogens binding to the cell surface has recently been demonstrated. Milk oligosaccharides have the potential to produce immuno-modulation effects. It is also well known that oligosaccharides in milk have a significant influence on intestinal mineral absorption and in the formation of the brain and central nervous system. Due to its structural resemblance, bovine milk is considered to be the most potential source of oligosaccharides to produce the same effect of oligosaccharides present in human milk. This review describes the characteristics and potential health benefits of milk oligosaccharides as well as the prospects of oligosaccharides in bovine milk for use in functional foods.

Milk Inhibits the Biological Activity of Ricin

“…It removes bound ricin from the microplate in a concentrationdependent manner. (d) Milk contains galactose (hydrolysis product of lactose), galactosamine, N-acetyl galactosaminecontaining oligosaccharides as well as glycoproteins (22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27) and has the same protective effect in removing bound ricin from cells as the anti-ricin antibody. (e) Milk did not bind competitively to or inhibit the toxic effects of the Stx2 toxin, presumably because Stx2 does not attach to galactoside receptor sites, as does ricin.…”