Classifying occupational exposure risks and recommendations for their control in container-based sanitation systems

Mackinnon, Eve; Campos, Luiza C.; Parikh, Priti; Sawant, Niteen

doi:10.3362/1756-3488.18-00025

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In Cape Town, South Africa, a utility is operating a related low water-use system with a 20 L container collected twice weekly then emptied, cleaned and disinfected mechanically at the local sewage treatment plant (Willetts, 2019). Yet CBS and onsite systems requiring pits or tanks to be emptied all potentially create significant risks to sanitary workers, and this issue requires proactive management (Mackinnon et al, 2019;World Bank, 2019).…”

Section: Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Costs, Climate and Contamination: Three Drivers for Citywide Sanitation Investment Decisions

Mills

Willetts

Evans

et al. 2020

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Significant progress is needed, in both large cities and small towns, to meet the ambitious targets set at international and national levels relating to universal access to safely managed sanitation. There has been increased recognition in the urban sanitation sector that in rapidly growing cities, there is unlikely to be a single centralized sanitation solution which can effectively deliver services to all demographics, and that heterogeneous approaches to urban sanitation are required. At the same time, due to competing investment priorities, there is a greater focus on the need for sanitation investments to address multiple objectives. However, calls for more informed sanitation planning and a more dynamic and disaggregated approach to the delivery and management of sanitation services have had limited impacts. This is in part due to the complexity of the drivers for sanitation investment, and the difficulties involved in identifying and addressing these multiple, often conflicting, goals. This paper examines three potential drivers of citywide sanitation decision-making-public health, sustainability and economic performance-via the three proxies of contamination, climate change and costs. It examines the importance of each driver and proxies, how they are considered in investment decisions, the current state of knowledge about them, and priority aspects to be included in decisions. At present, while public health is a common driver for improving sanitation, there are significant gaps in our understanding of fecal contamination spread and exposure, and how to select sanitation solutions which can best address them. Climate change is sometimes seen as a low priority for the sanitation sector given the immediacy and scale of existing challenges and the uncertainty of future climate predictions. However, potential risks are significant, and uninformed decisions may result in greater costs and increased inequalities. Cost data are sparse and unreliable, and it is challenging to build robust cost-effectiveness analyses. Yet these are needed to compare citywide options based on least-cost over their full life cycle. This paper provides insights into how existing evidence on contamination, climate change and costs can inform decisions on sanitation investments and help chart a sustainable way forward for achieving citywide services.

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Section: Contaminationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Costs, Climate and Contamination: Three Drivers for Citywide Sanitation Investment Decisions

Mills

Willetts

Evans

et al. 2020

Front. Environ. Sci.

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“…While CBS has identifiable advantages over traditional sanitation systems, it also has unique vulnerabilities. CBS service delivery can be interrupted by disruptions in transportation infrastructure, worker strikes, or pandemics (Saul and Gebauer, 2018;Mackinnon et al, 2019;Russel et al, 2019;World Bank, 2019;Ferguson et al, 2021). CBS technologies also require greater user engagement than more traditional sanitation technologies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Container-Based Sanitation Services and Attrition: An Examination of Drivers and Implications

VanRiper

Russel

Cramer

et al. 2022

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Haiti is far from achieving the UN goal of sanitation access for all; 20% of the population has no sanitation access, and less than 0.1% of the country’s excreta is safely managed. Container-Based Sanitation (CBS) may be key to achieving timely and equitable sanitation coverage in Haiti’s cities. CBS can provide immediate sanitation access without preexisting infrastructure, and where permanent infrastructure is impractical. Investor caution and policy barriers, however, presently limit the growth of CBS solutions. Globally, most CBS services are provided by private organizations like EkoLakay, which provides a portable toilet and weekly excreta collection for a monthly fee. While the EkoLakay service is popular, attrition is high. This study examines the relationship between users and the service, and its role in improved sanitation accessibility. For this study, 633 active and former EkoLakay subscribers in Cap Haïtien were interviewed to reveal causes and implications of attrition. Households with active EkoLakay subscriptions are more likely than former subscribers to live in unauthorized informal residences and to lack energy or water infrastructure. A quarter of users unsubscribe voluntarily, after investing in permanent sanitation infrastructure. Over 30% of former users, however, reported unsubscribing due to economic challenges. Many involuntary terminations resulted in households losing access to private improved sanitation or reverting to open defecation, reducing progress toward global sustainability goals. Insights obtained contextualize the relationship between users and CBS services to inform public strategies for mitigating barriers to achieving universal safe sanitation.

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The impact of climate change on workplace safety and health hazard in facilities management: An in-depth review

et al. 2022

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Classifying occupational exposure risks and recommendations for their control in container-based sanitation systems

Cited by 3 publications

References 24 publications

Costs, Climate and Contamination: Three Drivers for Citywide Sanitation Investment Decisions

Costs, Climate and Contamination: Three Drivers for Citywide Sanitation Investment Decisions

Container-Based Sanitation Services and Attrition: An Examination of Drivers and Implications

The impact of climate change on workplace safety and health hazard in facilities management: An in-depth review

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