Clastic deposition, provenance, and sequence of Andean thrusting in the frontal Eastern Cordillera and Llanos foreland basin of Colombia

Abstract

This association is composed of red to light brown, laterally extensive, tabular, laminated or massive mudstone interbedded with thin sandstone beds (Fig. DR2A). Sandstone layers are red to beige, fine-to medium-grained, have upward-fining tendencies and occur with lenticular and tabular geometries of 0.1-0.5 m thick. These beds are arranged in stacked, 1-5 m thick sets that coarsen and thicken upward. Sandstone beds have sharp, erosive bases. This facies association occurs in several of the lithostratigraphic units: lower Mirador and lower and upper Guayabo. Mudstones in the lower Mirador Formation lack the interbedded sandstones. Sporadic occurrences of moderately well developed nodular blocky horizons, 1-2 m thick, indicate the presence of paleosols (Fig. DR2B) in the lower Guayabo Formation. Where present they are always at the top of the bed (Fig. DR2C) and change the color of the bed to light red. In the upper Guayabo Formation, the mudstones are multicolored (dark grey, purple, yellow and beige), laminated and have cm-scale thick organic rich layers (Fig. DR2D). On the basis of grain size, sheet-like geometry, and lack of channelization, these strata are interpreted as overbank deposits produced by flooding or avulsion of the main stream providing mud and sand to the flanking area (Collinson, 1996). The sandstone beds represent crevasse splay and levee deposits. The upward-coarsening trends suggest phases of crevasse lobe migration into floodplain areas (Farrell, 2001) and the upward-fining successions reflect crevasse abandonment. The mudstones represent deposition from low-energy flow or standing water during channel abandonment (Miall, 1996). This interpretation is supported by the lateral continuity of the beds coupled with horizontal lamination. The presence of paleosols reflects subaerial exposure and periods of stability in floodplain areas during deposition of the lower Guayabo Formation. The presence of organic matter in the upper Guaybo may suggest rapid plant accumulation under a relatively humid paleoclimate.

Hyperspectral imaging for the determination of bitumen content in Athabasca oil sands core samples

“…The depositional chronology is based on a new biostratigraphic zonation (Figure 3; Jaramillo et al, 2011). These data are integrated with an updated chronology of deformation based on basin analysis (Caballero et al, 2010;Parra et al, 2010;Moreno et al, 2011;Saylor et al, 2011;Bande et al, 2012;Ramírez-Arias et al, 2012), and bedrock and detrital thermo-and geochronology (Table 1). Bedrock thermochronology for deformed belts of the Andean retroarc system included apatite and zircon fission track analysis (AFT and ZFT, respectively; Parra et al, 2009b;Silva et al, 2013 and Table 2, data from this work) as well as apatite and zircon (U-Th)/ He analysis (AHe and ZHe, respectively) combined with vitrinite reflectance data Parra et al, 2012;Caballero et al, 2013a, b, Table 3).…”

“…Bedrock thermochronology for deformed belts of the Andean retroarc system included apatite and zircon fission track analysis (AFT and ZFT, respectively; Parra et al, 2009b;Silva et al, 2013 and Table 2, data from this work) as well as apatite and zircon (U-Th)/ He analysis (AHe and ZHe, respectively) combined with vitrinite reflectance data Parra et al, 2012;Caballero et al, 2013a, b, Table 3). Detrital thermo-and geochronology of intermontane and foreland basin fill included (U-Th)/He analysis of zircons (ZHe) Bande et al, 2012;Saylor et al, 2012a) and zircon U-Pb geochronology Nie et al, 2010Nie et al, , 2012Saylor et al, 2011;Bande et al, 2012;Caballero et al, 2013a, b;Silva et al, 2013).…”

“…Ongoing middle Miocene shortening resulted in exhumation of progressively deeper strata compared with the early Miocene (e.g., Caballero et al, 2010;Bande et al, 2012;Ramírez-Arias et al, 2012). However, the middle Miocene is characterized by the presence of a widespread deposition of a shaly horizon; in the absence of criteria based on U-Pb provenance, because of recycling since the Oligocene (e.g., Saylor et al, 2012a, b), the axis of changing provenance can be interpreted as located between the most distal and the fine-grained foreland facies in map view.…”

Zonas Transversales en El Dominio Axial De La Cordillera Oriental - Bloque Yacente De La Falla De Soapaga (Sátiva Sur - Sátiva Norte, Boyacá)

“…La Cordillera Oriental se encuentra definida por un cinturón plegado y fallado asimétrico, de doble vergencia, que presenta una combinación entre deformación de tectónica de piel delgada (thin-skinned) asociada a una compresión este-oeste dentro de una cinemática transpresiva (Bande et al, 2012;Bayona et al, 2013); y una inversión tectónica asociada de fallas normales Mesozoicas (Bayona et al, 2013;Cooper et al, 1995), además de una generación posterior de estructuras de acortamiento de primer orden (Bande et al, 2012).…”

Seismic-stratigraphic architecture of the Oligocene-Pliocene Camaná Formation, southern Peruvian forearc (Province of Arequipa)

“…in Central Europe, von Eynatten and Gaupp, 1999; Lower Guayabo Fm. in northern Andes, Bande et al, 2011; in Altiplano of Central Andes, Scheuber et al, 2006;andin Moquegua Group, Decou et al, 2011, 2013). For the next strata, we use predominantly depositional geometries and main erosives surfaces/sequence boundaries that are interpreted from seismic data.…”