Clay interaction with liquid and supercritical CO2: The relevance of electrical and capillary forces

Espinoza, D. Nicolas; Santamarina, J. Carlos

doi:10.1016/j.ijggc.2012.06.020

Cited by 70 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Smectite contents however are usually small with values of up to 9 % (Sleipner, Norway), or 1-3 % (Otway, Australia). High I/S mixed layers contents have been reported for the SACROC (up to 62 %) and Frio (45 %) projects, both in the USA (Espinoza and Santamarina 2012). Smectite contents within the mixed-layers were not determined.…”

Section: Clay Minerals In Geological Reservoirsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Such depths are considered to be good candidates for CO 2 storage due to high CO 2 densities at moderate depths, keeping drilling costs low. A summary of clay mineralogy and smectite contents of the different CO 2 storage operations around the world is given by Espinoza and Santamarina (2012). Clay contents, when mudrocks represent the primary caprock, are usually 50 % and higher.…”

Section: Clay Minerals In Geological Reservoirsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On sorption and swelling of CO2 in clays

Busch

Bertier

Gensterblum

et al. 2016

Geomech. Geophys. Geo-energ. Geo-resour.

135

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The geological storage of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) is a well-studied technology, and a number of demonstration projects around the world have proven its feasibility and challenges. Storage conformance and seal integrity are among the most important aspects, as they determine risk of leakage as well as limits for storage capacity and injectivity. Furthermore, providing evidence for safe storage is critical for improving public acceptance. Most caprocks are composed of clays as dominant mineral type which can typically be illite, kaolinite, chlorite or smectite. A number of recent studies addressed the interaction between CO 2 and these different clays and it was shown that clay minerals adsorb considerable quantities of CO 2 . For smectite this uptake can lead to volumetric expansion followed by the generation of swelling pressures. On the one hand CO 2 adsorption traps CO 2 , on the other hand swelling pressures can potentially change local stress regimes and in unfavourable situations shear-type failure is assumed to occur. For storage in a reservoir having high clay contents the CO 2 uptake can add to storage capacity which is widely underestimated so far. Smectite-rich seals in direct contact with a dry CO 2 plume at the interface to the reservoir might dehydrate leading to dehydration cracks. Such dehydration cracks can provide pathways for CO 2 ingress and further accelerate dewatering and penetration of the seal by supercritical CO 2 . At the same time, swelling may also lead to the closure of fractures or the reduction of fracture apertures, thereby improving seal integrity. The goal of this communication is to theoretically evaluate and discuss these scenarios in greater detail in terms of phenomenological mechanisms, but also in terms of potential risks or benefits for carbon storage.

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Section: Clay Minerals In Geological Reservoirsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Clay Minerals In Geological Reservoirsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On sorption and swelling of CO2 in clays

Busch

Bertier

Gensterblum

et al. 2016

Geomech. Geophys. Geo-energ. Geo-resour.

135

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This sharp decrease preferentially affected mesopores, potentially because of mineral precipitation. Similarly, Espinoza and Santamarina explored the response of kaolinite and MMT to deionized water, brine, and CO 2 . When both MMT and kaolinite aggregates were submerged in scCO 2 , the final porosity decrease was less than comparable exposure to a brine.…”

Section: Geochemical Alteration Of Reservoir Structure and Transport mentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of geochemical–mechanical impacts in geological carbon storage reservoirs

et al. 2019

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Geological carbon storage (GCS) refers to the technology of capturing man‐made carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, typically from stationary power sources, and storing such emissions in deep underground reservoirs. GCS is an approach being explored globally as a defense mechanism against climate change projections, although it is not without its critics. An important focus has been recently placed on understanding the coupling between rock–fluid geochemical alterations and mechanical changes for CO2 storage schemes in saline aquifers. This article presents a review of the current state of knowledge regarding CO2‐induced geochemical reactions in subsurface reservoirs, and their potential impact on mechanical properties and microseismic events at CO2 storage sites. This review focuses, in particular, on the current state of the art in fluid–rock interactions within the GCS context. Key issues to be addressed include geochemical reactions and the alteration of transport and mechanical properties. Specific review topics include the swelling of clays, the prediction of dissolution and precipitation reaction rates, CO2‐induced changes in porosity and permeability, constitutive models of chemo–mechanical interactions in rock, and correlations between geochemical reactions and induced seismicity. The open questions in the field are emphasized, and new research needs are highlighted. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…), with the potential to notably affect transmissivity of discontinuities. CO 2 has been shown to markedly impact on the swelling properties of clays (Espinoza & Carlos Santamarina ), but there is a paucity of data relating to the impact on shale swelling properties and, in particular, the potential effects for fault sealing behaviour.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In contrast to reservoir rocks, the phenomenon of clay swelling is of major importance to the sealing behaviour of argillaceous cap-rocks (Horseman et al 2005;Tsang et al 2005), with the potential to notably affect transmissivity of discontinuities. CO 2 has been shown to markedly impact on the swelling properties of clays (Espinoza & Carlos Santamarina 2012), but there is a paucity of data relating to the impact on shale swelling properties and, in particular, the potential effects for fault sealing behaviour.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyclic loading of an idealized clay‐filled fault: comparing hydraulic flow in two clay gouges

et al. 2016

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faulting/fracturing in the same basin will have formed during the depletion of the reservoir. 39Therefore in many geological settings both natural and induced discontinuities will have 40 formed. 41Fluid flow in argillaceous materials, whether through the bulk rock or along discontinuities, 42is closely related to the mechanical state of the caprock. In particular, the role of faults and 43 fractures as potential conduits or barriers to fluid flow is likely to be of critical importance to 44 seal integrity in Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) sites. In addition, recent studies [Zoback 45 & Gorelick, 2012] and on-going developments relating to induced seismicity [Green, et al. 46 2011] in other industries have also highlighted the importance of a thorough understanding of 47 the potential for, and controls on, fault reactivation behavior. 57Faulted geological settings are complex systems that are borne out of multiple episodes of 58 deformation, in the form of faulting, subsidence and exhumation, and altered stress regimes. 59This means that faults cannot be viewed as static features over geological time. Nor can they 60 be considered static on CO 2 injection time scales, as complex pore-pressure histories and 61 chemical alteration-driven deformation may also have an impact on caprock systems. As 62 such, time is a significant factor in fault sealing. 63On the long time-scales of interest in CCS, cross-reservoir fluid migration may lead to 64 changes in stress-state long after injection ceases. The response of new or previously-sealed 65 discontinuities exposed to these dynamic conditions, may be significant. Noy et al. [2012] 66 demonstrated that pore-pressure perturbations, resulting from the injection of CO 2 , may 67 persist for significant periods (~300 years) after the injection phase. These perturbations are 68 likely to be particularly large in magnitude within the immediate vicinity of injection, but are 69 also demonstrably of concern 'a considerable distance outside the CO 2 footprint at the end of under an elevated pore-pressure condition, (ii) critically oriented faults with the potential for 74 reactivation (as compared to those far from critically stressed), or faulting with the potential 75 for infrequent but significant seismicity. 76Additionally, both near-and far-field discontinuities may be exposed to a range of changing 77 fluid chemistries during the evolution of a storage site, from CO 2 -rich fluids to the migration 78 of brines at the periphery of the pressure pulse. In contrast to reservoir rocks, the 79 phenomenon of clay swelling is of major importance to the sealing behavior of argillaceous 80 cap-rocks [Horseman et al., 2005; Tsang et al., 2005], with the potential to notably affect 81 transmissivity of discontinuities. CO 2 has been shown to markedly impact on the swelling 82 properties of clays [Espinoza & Santamaria, 2012], but there is a paucity of data relating to 83 the impact on shale swelling properties and, in particular, the potential effects for fault 84 seal...

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Clay interaction with liquid and supercritical CO2: The relevance of electrical and capillary forces

Cited by 70 publications

References 76 publications

On sorption and swelling of CO2 in clays

On sorption and swelling of CO2 in clays

A review of geochemical–mechanical impacts in geological carbon storage reservoirs

Cyclic loading of an idealized clay‐filled fault: comparing hydraulic flow in two clay gouges

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