Intercalation of guest species into layered materials is a way of constructing two-dimensionally ordered inorganic-organic molecular or supramolecular or hybrid assembly with unique microstructures controlled by host-guest and guestguest interactions [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. One of the most unique characteristics of intercalation chemistry is the expansion of the interlayer space upon intercalation of guest species. The expanded interlayer space by the intercalation can be used to immobilize guest species further, since the space was geometrically and chemically modified to accommodate wider variety of guest species. This 'expandable' 2-dimensional nano-space is useful as a nano-vessel or nano-reaction environment for immobilizing various kinds of molecular functional species.The properties of intercalation compounds are largely affected by the population (or density or distance between adjacent species) of functional units and some useful functions are emerged only when appropriate population (nanostructure) is achieved. The interactions between host and guest have been investigated based on the structural consideration of resulting intercalation compounds (or interlayer microstructures). The characterization includes X-ray and electron diffraction and composition, chemical bonding between host and guest using vibrational spectroscopy, electronic states of the confined guests by electronic spectroscopy, strength of interactions using thermal analyses (desorption and decomposition), and more directly using advanced microscopies.