Clean iron production through direct reduction of mineral iron carbonate with low-grade hydrogen sources; the effect of reduction feed gas composition on product and exit gas composition

Loder, Astrid; Siebenhofer, Matthäus; Böhm, Andreas; Lux, Susanne

doi:10.1016/j.clet.2021.100345

Cited by 15 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…[ 13 ] The utilization of hydrogen as the reducing agent has the great advantage that gaseous water is the sole by‐product. [ 14 ] In this view it is easy to establish the real effect of hydrogen as substitute of carbon monoxide in the direct reduction relating its usage to the carbon consumption and carbon dioxide emissions reduction during ironmaking. [ 15 ] The hydrogen‐based direct reduction process includes multiple types of chemical reactions, solid‐state and defect‐mediated diffusion (of oxygen and hydrogen species), several phase transformations, as well as massive volume shrinkage and mechanical stress buildup.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen‐Based Direct Reduction of Iron Oxides Pellets Modeling

Cavaliere

Perrone

Marsano

et al. 2023

steel research int.

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The present study deals with the analyses of the direct reduction kinetics during the hydrogen reduction of industrial iron oxide pellets. Various types of pellets with different percentage of total iron content and metal oxides are examined. They are reduced at different temperatures and pressure (700–1100 °C and 1–6 bar) in hydrogen atmosphere. The reduction behavior is described in terms of time to reduction, rate of reduction, and kinetics constant. All the obtained results are analyzed through the employment of a commercial multiobjective optimization tool to precisely define the weight that each single parameter has on the reduction behavior. It is shown that from the point of view of the processing conditions, temperature is the main factor influencing the time to total reduction. From the point of view of the pellets properties, it is mainly influenced by the total iron percentage and then by porosity and basicity index. Also, the kinetics behavior is largely influenced by the reduction temperature even if it is mainly governed by the porosity and pores size from the point of view of the reduced pellets. The reduction rate is also mainly influenced by temperature and then by iron percentage, gas pressure, basicity index, and porosity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrogen‐Based Direct Reduction of Iron Oxides Pellets Modeling

Cavaliere

Perrone

Marsano

et al. 2023

steel research int.

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“…The experimental studies in the lab-scale fixed-bed tubular reactor have shown that complete FeCO 3 conversion from siderite and ankerite is possible with a degree of metallization of > 80 % at a temperature of 873 K (reduction time of 5.6 h). The remaining iron was present as partially reduced wu ¨stite (Fe 1-x O) [26]. Increasing the reduction temperature above 873 K resulted in an increase of the degree of metallization up to 92 % at 1023 K, while the reduction time decreased to 2.5 h. The reduction was stopped when the process gas composition at the reactor exit (j Process gas ) was indistinguishable from the feed gas composition (j Feed ).…”

Section: Results -Direct Siderite Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…High flexibility concerning the availability of the reducing agent hydrogen is crucial to establish a technology concept for the production of iron through direct reduction of siderite ore with hydrogen. The flexibility of the direct reduction process regarding the hydrogen concentration in the feed gas stream was investigated by Loder et al [26] through variation of the feed gas ratio of hydrogen to nitrogen (H 2 /N 2 ) from 90:10 to 55:45 (v/v), and the admixture of methane (15-80 vol %) and CO 2 (27-63 vol %) to the feed gas stream. The degree of metallization did not vary significantly with varying hydrogen concentration and methane admixture, implying a high flexibility of the process for fluctuating hydrogen availability.…”

Section: Results -Direct Siderite Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dry product gas was analyzed by a multi gas analyzer (ABB Uras26 for CO 2 , CO, and CH 4 ; ABB Caldos27 for H 2 ). A detailed description of the experimental setup and procedure is given in Loder et al [26].…”

Section: Materials and Methods -Direct Siderite Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Direct reduction with hydrogen yields a high degree of metallization ( w Fe,met ), meaning the content of elemental iron ( m Fe,met ) based on the total iron content in the ore ( m Fe,tot , Eq. 5) 26.

true w_{normalFe, normalmet} = \frac{m_{normalFe, normalmet}}{m_{normalFe, normaltot}}

…”

Section: Direct Reduction Of Siderite Ore With Hydrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Direct Reduction of Siderite Ore Combined with Catalytic CO/CO₂ Hydrogenation to Methane and Methanol: A Technology Concept

Kleiber

Loder

Siebenhofer

et al. 2022

Chemie Ingenieur Technik

Self Cite

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Industrial CO2 emission mitigation necessitates holistic technology concepts; especially in high‐emission industrial sectors like the iron and steel industry. A novel direct reduction technology with hydrogen reduces CO2 emissions in iron production from siderite ore by more than 60 %. Subsequent valorization of the process gas, consisting of unconverted hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and CO2, by catalytic hydrogenation to methane and methanol completes the technology concept. This route gives access to CO2 emission‐lean iron production from siderite ore, fossil‐free methane and methanol synthesis, and thus, improved energy density of the energy carrier hydrogen.

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Review and Evaluation of Ceramic‐Stabilized Iron Oxides for Use as Energy Storage Based on Iron‐Steam Process

Göthel,

Burkmann,

Volkova

2024

steel research int.

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Several studies have reported about different hydrogen production and storage materials. The use of metal oxides, particularly iron oxides, as hydrogen storage materials offers a promising solution to bridge hydrogen production and utilization. The iron‐steam process, dating back to the 18th century, leverages iron's ability to bind oxygen from steam, producing hydrogen and iron oxides. This study revisits the iron/iron oxide system for its dual application as a hydrogen storage medium and as an energy carrier in systems like fuel cells. When integrated with high‐temperature electrolysis and fuel cells, this system can efficiently operate between 600 and 1000 °C. The key to long‐term performance lies in understanding the formation and stability of oxygen‐binding structures. Stabilizing the iron oxides for cycling procedures with other metal oxides like Al2O3, SiO2, and CaO is inevitable. Ceramic‐stabilized iron oxide pellets offer advantages including high cycling capability, efficient charge/discharge operations, and potential syngas production. They are particularly suitable for heavy goods vehicles, short‐term storage, and large‐scale industrial applications. Critical process parameters for the iron oxide material and process design must be investigated if an accurate assessment of the performance of this hydrogen storage concept is to be transferred into efficient practice.

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Clean iron production through direct reduction of mineral iron carbonate with low-grade hydrogen sources; the effect of reduction feed gas composition on product and exit gas composition

Cited by 15 publications

References 47 publications

Hydrogen‐Based Direct Reduction of Iron Oxides Pellets Modeling

Hydrogen‐Based Direct Reduction of Iron Oxides Pellets Modeling

Direct Reduction of Siderite Ore Combined with Catalytic CO/CO₂ Hydrogenation to Methane and Methanol: A Technology Concept

Review and Evaluation of Ceramic‐Stabilized Iron Oxides for Use as Energy Storage Based on Iron‐Steam Process

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Clean iron production through direct reduction of mineral iron carbonate with low-grade hydrogen sources; the effect of reduction feed gas composition on product and exit gas composition

Cited by 15 publications

References 47 publications

Hydrogen‐Based Direct Reduction of Iron Oxides Pellets Modeling

Hydrogen‐Based Direct Reduction of Iron Oxides Pellets Modeling

Direct Reduction of Siderite Ore Combined with Catalytic CO/CO2 Hydrogenation to Methane and Methanol: A Technology Concept

Review and Evaluation of Ceramic‐Stabilized Iron Oxides for Use as Energy Storage Based on Iron‐Steam Process

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Direct Reduction of Siderite Ore Combined with Catalytic CO/CO₂ Hydrogenation to Methane and Methanol: A Technology Concept