Cleaner production of iron by using waste macadamia biomass as a carbon resource

Kumar, Uttam; Maroufi, Samane; Rajarao, Ravindra; Mayyas, Mohannad; Mansuri, Irshad; Joshi, Rakesh; Sahajwalla, Veena

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.115

Cited by 87 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Degree of crystallinity and amorphous contents of MBC at the two tested temperatures are presented in Table 2. It seems that crystallinity of MBC increases with increasing temperature and this is consistent with observations made by other studies [14,44]. It can be inferred from XRD analyses that nitrate removal increases with an increasing degree of crystallinity, and this agrees with the results obtained in [41].…”

Section: Pseudo-first Order Model Pseudo-second Order Modelsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The kiln was programmed for slow pyrolysis process conditions to drive the internal chamber to two temperatures 900 • C and 1000 • C at a rate 600 • C/h and holding time for an hour before cooling down to room temperature. Macadamia nutshell normally loses about 65% of mass in the range 260-400 • C due to conversion to biochar [14]. Using higher temperatures to pyrolyse the biomass has the advantage of reducing volatiles, obtaining more stable carbon with a high surface area [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Macadamia Nutshell Biochar for Nitrate Removal: Effect of Biochar Preparation and Process Parameters

Bakly

Al-Juboori

Bowtell

2019

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Agricultural runoff is a major cause of degradation to freshwater sources. Nitrate is of particular interest, due to the abundant use of nitrogen-based fertilizers in agricultural practices globally. This study investigated the nitrate removal of biochar produced from an agricultural waste product, macadamia nutshell (MBC). Kinetic experiments and structural analyses showed that MBC pyrolsed at 900 • C exhibited inferior NO 3 − removal compared to that pyrolsed at 1000 • C, which was subsequently used in the column experiments. Concentrations of 5, 10 and 15 mg/L, with flowrates of 2, 5 and 10 mL/min, were examined over a 360 min treatment time. Detailed statistical analyses were applied using 2 3 factorial design. Nitrate removal was significantly affected by flowrate, concentration and their interactions. The highest nitrate removal capacity of 0.11 mg/g MBC was achieved at a NO 3 − concentration of 15 mg/L and flowrate of 2 mL/min. The more crystalline structure and rough texture of MBC prepared at 1000 • C resulted in higher NO 3 − removal compared to MBC prepared at 900 • C.The operating parameters with the highest NO 3 − removal were used to study the removal capacity of the column. Breakthrough and exhaustion times of the column were 25 and 330 min respectively. Approximately 92% of the column bed was saturated after exhaustion.

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Section: Pseudo-first Order Model Pseudo-second Order Modelsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macadamia Nutshell Biochar for Nitrate Removal: Effect of Biochar Preparation and Process Parameters

Bakly

Al-Juboori

Bowtell

2019

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“…These low values can be attributed to the presence of a great amount of organic compounds, which could be released at higher temperatures. [51][52][53] Catalytic tests Esterification reactions of oleic acid in the presence of methanol catalyzed by the produced materials were studied (Figure 9). The use of the same quantity of catalyst, e.g., 10 wt.%, 1:30 oleic acid:methanol, for 6 h at 100 °C, showed different conversions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Magnetic Fe Oxide-Carbon Based Acid Catalyst Prepared from Bio-Oil for Esterification Reactions

Ballotin¹,

Almeida²,

Ardisson³

et al. 2020

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

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In this work, bio-oil (an organic matrix rich in oxygen functionalities) was used to efficiently dissolve and disperse Fe 3+ which upon thermal treatment produced a carbon containing dispersed and encapsulated Fe oxide magnetic nanoparticles. These materials were prepared by dissolution of 8, 16 and 24 wt.% Fe 3+ salt in bio-oil followed by treatment at 400, 450, 500 or 600 °C in N 2 atmosphere. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopies (TEM), elemental analysis, thermogravimetric-mass spectrometry (TG-MS), potentiometric titration, Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopies showed that Fe 3+ species in bio-oil is reduced to produce magnetic nanoparticles phases: magnetite Fe 3 O 4 and maghemite γ-Fe 2 O 3. At low temperatures, the iron phases were less protected, and the carbon matrix was more reactive, while in temperatures above 500 °C, the iron phases were more stable, however, the carbon matrix was less reactive. Reaction of these magnetic carbon materials with concentrated H 2 SO 4 produced surface sulfonic acidic sites (ca. 1 mmol g −1), especially for the materials obtained at 400 and 450 °C. The materials were used as catalysts on esterification reaction of oleic acid with methanol at 100 °C and conversions of 90% were reached, however, after 2 consecutive uses, the conversion decreased to 30%, being required more studies to improve the material stability.

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“…In general, under a higher pyrolysis temperature, more gaseous volatile matter are released which facilitate the formation of micropores and increase the specific surface area of biochar (Kumar et al, 2017b). Increasing the temperature from 450 to 600 o C increased the specific surface area of pyrolysis biochar by 30 times for a variety of feedstocks including hickory wood, bagasse, and bamboo (Sun et al, 2014).…”

Section: Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards practical application of gasification: a critical review from syngas and biochar perspectives

You

Tsang

et al. 2018

Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology

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Syngas and biochar production are mainly influenced by temperature, feedstock properties, gasifying agent, pressure, and the mass ratio between gasifying agent and feedstock with temperature being the most significant factor. Increasing temperature generally promotes syngas production while suppressing biochar production. The selection of gasifiers (fixed bed, fluidized bed, and entrained flow) is highly dependent on scale requirement (e.g., volume of feedstock and energy demand), feedstock characteristics (e.g., moisture and ash content), and the quality of syngas and biochar. Updraft fixed bed gasifiers are suitable for the feedstocks with a moisture content up to 50 wt.%. High ash feedstocks such as Indian coal, dried sewage sludge, and municipal solid waste that are not suitable for fixed bed gasifiers, have been successfully gasified in bubbling fluidized bed reactors. Woody biomass is not suitable for entrained flow gasifiers unless specialized feeding methods are employed such as wood torrefaction and grinding followed by the existing feeding methods for pulverized coals, biomass-oil biochar slurry preparation followed by pumping, wood or torrefied wood slurry preparation followed by pumping, etc. Syngas and biochar can potentially be contaminated by NH3, H2S, and tar, which can be removed using catalysts (e.g., Ni-based), metal oxides-based sorbents, and thermal and catalytic cracking methods. Existing syngas and biochar upgrading methods suffered from various problems such as economic infeasibility, limited productivity, and fouling, and future syngas and biochar upgrading methods should be aimed to have the features of reliability, security, affordability, and sustainability, towards the practical, largescale production of syngas-and biochar-based products. One potential solution is to develop integrated systems by combining biochar upgrading and application with syngas upgrading, which warrants an integrated perspective based on both life cycle assessment and economic analysis.

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Cleaner production of iron by using waste macadamia biomass as a carbon resource

Cited by 87 publications

References 26 publications

Macadamia Nutshell Biochar for Nitrate Removal: Effect of Biochar Preparation and Process Parameters

Macadamia Nutshell Biochar for Nitrate Removal: Effect of Biochar Preparation and Process Parameters

New Magnetic Fe Oxide-Carbon Based Acid Catalyst Prepared from Bio-Oil for Esterification Reactions

Towards practical application of gasification: a critical review from syngas and biochar perspectives

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