Cleaning methods of contaminated zirconia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Bond Strength of Milled and Printed Zirconia to 10-Methacryloyloxydecyl Dihydrogen Phosphate (10-MDP) Resin Cement as a Function of Ceramic Conditioning, Disinfection and Ageing

“…In addition to the effects of surface conditioning and ageing, the influence of disinfection was of interest. This had derived from the fact that, in general, the bonding surface has the highest surface energy after conditioning and any contamination should be avoided to achieve the best possible bond quality with the subsequently applied adhesives [32]. For TSC samples, it was found that the silane should be applied to the freshly silicatised ZrO 2 and that cleaning with water (spray or ultrasonic bath) prior to primer application is not advisable [53].…”

“…In the meantime, studies have shown very well which cleaning methods work on contaminated ZrO 2 surfaces [32]. However, little is known about the disinfection of uncontaminated but mechanically conditioned surfaces, although this is inevitable under hygienic conditions, so that disinfection is also of interest as a factor possibly influencing bond strength.…”

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“…Contamination during try-in or handling by clinicians of these materials prior to bonding can significantly compromise the bond strength [15][16][17][18]. leading to clinical failures such as debonding, microleakage, and ultimately, restoration failure.…”

“…Silicone oil deposits on the restoration surface, which change the wettability and surface free energy of the restorations, resulting in low bond strength. To mitigate the adverse effects of contamination, various cleansing methods have been studied and utilized in clinical practice [15][16][17][18].…”

“…According to the previous studies, air-abrasion, alkaline solution (such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide) cleaning, or sodium hypochlorite solution cleaning, was able to remove contamination and resulted in successful bond strength recovery between resin and zirconia [15][16][17][18]. The mechanism of cleansing is either using physical method (air-abrasion) to physically remove the contamination or using chemical method (alkaline solution or hypochlorite solution) to break down the chemical bond between contaminants and zirconia.…”