Clearance of a Productive Lentivirus Infection in Calves Experimentally Inoculated with Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus

Guiguen, François; Bouzar, Baya Amel; Villet, Stéphanie; Greenland, Timothy; Grézel, Delphine; Gounel, Francoise; Gallay, Kathy; Garnier, Céline; Durand, J.-P.; Alogninouwa, Théodore; Mselli-Lakhal, Laïla; Mornex, Jean‐François; Chebloune, Yahia

doi:10.1128/jvi.77.11.6430-6437.2003

Cited by 24 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Lentiviruses can infect new host species by experimental exposure (26,47) in spite of the formidable barriers imposed by host defenses. In some cases, viremia is transient and virus extinction is attributed to host immune defenses, although the actual mechanism of immune clearance is not always deter-mined.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Feline Lentivirus Evolution in Cross-Species Infection Reveals Extensive G-to-A Mutation and Selection on Key Residues in the Viral Polymerase

Poss

Ross

Painter³

et al. 2006

J Virol

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Factors that restrict a virus from establishing productive infection in a new host species are important to understand because cross-species transmission events are often associated with emergent viral diseases. To determine the evolutionary pressures on viruses in new host species, we evaluated the molecular evolution of a feline immunodeficiency virus derived from a wild cougar, Puma concolor, during infection of domestic cats. Analyses were based on the coding portion of genome sequences recovered at intervals over 37 weeks of infection of six cats inoculated by either intravenous or oral-nasal routes. All cats inoculated intravenously, but only one inoculated orally-nasally, became persistently viremic. There were notable accumulations of lethal errors and predominance of G-to-A alterations throughout the genome, which were marked in the viral polymerase gene, pol. Viral structural (env and gag) and accessory (vif and orfA) genes evolved neutrally or were under purifying selection. However, sites under positive selection were identified in reverse transcriptase that involved residues in the nucleotide binding pocket or those contacting the RNA-DNA duplex. The findings of extensive G-to-A alterations in this cross-species infection are consistent with the recently described editing of host cytidine deaminase on lentivirus genomes. Additionally, we demonstrate that the primary site of hypermutation is the viral pol gene and the dominant selective force acting on this feline immunodeficiency virus as it replicates in a new host species is on key residues of the virus polymerase.

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confidence: 99%

Feline Lentivirus Evolution in Cross-Species Infection Reveals Extensive G-to-A Mutation and Selection on Key Residues in the Viral Polymerase

Poss

Ross

Painter³

et al. 2006

J Virol

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“…These divergent viral forms capable of crossing species barrier to cause productive infections outside domestic small ruminants (Figure 2) are an invaluable model system to investigate questions of SRLV viral host-tropism, their evolution and transmission [13,14]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Viruses adapted to wildlife ruminants may acquire novel biopathological properties which may endanger not only the domestic ruminants but also new host species [11,14]. Lentivirus genetic diversity and host factors leading to establishment of naturally occurring virulent versus avirulent infections, and emergence of new strains, pose a serious challenge to every aspect of SRLV control measures used to prevent the transmission of diseases between wild ungulates and livestock.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLVs) Break the Species Barrier to Acquire New Host Range

Cruz

Singh

Lamara

et al. 2013

Viruses

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Zoonotic events of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from non-human primates to humans have generated the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), one of the most devastating infectious disease of the last century with more than 30 million people dead and about 40.3 million people currently infected worldwide. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 and HIV-2), the two major viruses that cause AIDS in humans are retroviruses of the lentivirus genus. The genus includes arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) and Maedi-Visna virus (MVV), and a heterogeneous group of viruses known as small ruminant lentiviruses (SRLVs), affecting goat and sheep. Lentivirus genome integrates into the host DNA, causing persistent infection associated with a remarkable diversity during viral replication. Direct evidence of mixed infections with these two closely related SRLVs was found in both sheep and goats. The evidence of a genetic continuum with caprine and ovine field isolates demonstrates the absence of an efficient species barrier preventing cross-species transmission. In dual-infected animals, persistent infections with both CAEV and MVV have been described, and viral chimeras have been detected. This not only complicates animal trade between countries but favors the risk that highly pathogenic variants may emerge as has already been observed in the past in Iceland and, more recently, in outbreaks with virulent strains in Spain. SRLVs affecting wildlife have already been identified, demonstrating the existence of emergent viruses adapted to new hosts. Viruses adapted to wildlife ruminants may acquire novel biopathological properties which may endanger not only the new host species but also domestic ruminants and humans. SRLVs infecting sheep and goats follow a genomic evolution similar to that observed in HIV or in other lentiviruses. Lentivirus genetic diversity and host factors leading to the establishment of naturally occurring virulent versus avirulent infections, in addition to the emergence of new strains, challenge every aspect of SRLV control measures for providing efficient tools to prevent the transmission of diseases between wild ungulates and livestock.

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“…Tissue samples were taken from Saanen goats from breeding stocks with a sustained history of negativity for CAEV infection by both ELISA serology and PCR testing of blood leucocytes [13]. Housing and experimental procedures were approved by the ethics committee of the École nationale vétéri-naire de Lyon.…”

Section: Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mammary transmission of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus: a 3D model for in vitro study

et al. 2005

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-Transmission of Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis virus (CAEV) from the mother to offspring is principally mediated by infected cells from colostrum and milk. The infection of the dam is often sub-clinical, and results in increased cellularity of milk, sometimes exacerbated by bacterial co-infections. Although monocytes are the major viral host cells, several other cell types, including epithelial mammary cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells show low levels of in vivo infection. In vitro, however, all phenotypes of mammary gland cells are individually highly sensitive to CAEV infection. This suggests that local mechanisms act to control viral expression. Our goal is to analyse the mechanisms regulating local virus infection, including the physiological status of the mammary gland and bacterial co-infections. In this work, we present the development of a model for the in vitro reconstitution of mammary gland tissue using 3D cultures in Matrigel. Mononuclear cells from the blood are added to the 3D cultures in vitro. In these experimental conditions, the mammary cells spontaneously organize into mammospheres. Blood leucocytes migrate into the culture gel, and localize particularly at the periphery of the mammospheres. Mammospheres were susceptible to infection in vitro by CAEV, as shown by a cytopathic effect and expression of late CAEV antigen p30. This model will allow the in vitro study of virus expression, transfer of infection to mammary gland cells and interactions between the mammary gland cells, infected monocytes and immunocompetent cells. It will allow the study of mechanisms participating in the control of passage of pathogens into milk, according to the physiological and CAEV-infection status of the animal, microenvironment and the presence of bacterial co-infections. mammary gland / goat / lentivirus expression / in vitro model

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Clearance of a Productive Lentivirus Infection in Calves Experimentally Inoculated with Caprine Arthritis-Encephalitis Virus

Cited by 24 publications

References 33 publications

Feline Lentivirus Evolution in Cross-Species Infection Reveals Extensive G-to-A Mutation and Selection on Key Residues in the Viral Polymerase

Feline Lentivirus Evolution in Cross-Species Infection Reveals Extensive G-to-A Mutation and Selection on Key Residues in the Viral Polymerase

Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLVs) Break the Species Barrier to Acquire New Host Range

Mammary transmission of caprine arthritis encephalitis virus: a 3D model for in vitro study

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