Clearance of lipopolysaccharide in hemolymph of the silkworm Bombyx mori: Its role in the termination of cecropin mRNA induction

Gene Expression of a Novel Defensin Antimicrobial Peptide in the Silkworm,Bombyx mori

“…3B). Clearance of LPS from the hemolymph of larvae by lipophorin 43,44) is considered a possible explanation for this phenomenon. In addition, Drosophila AP-1 and STAT are known to be strong inhibitors responsible for suppressing NF-B-mediated activation of immune genes during the immune response.…”

Adaptive innate immunity? Responsive-mode prophylaxis in the mealworm beetle,Tenebrio molitor

“…LPS is the non-pathogenic, non-living surface molecule derived from E. coli. It is highly immunogenic (Söderhäll 1982;Ratcliffe et al 1985;Jomori et al 1990) and elicits the production of antimicrobial peptides over many hours (Sö derhäll 1982;Ratcliffe et al 1985;Kato et al 1994;Lemaître et al 1996). All injections were made through the pleural membrane between the second and the third abdominal segments, using sterilized glass capillaries that had been pulled out to a fine point.…”

“…For example, when the risk of parasitism increases, even in the absence of parasites, insects show prophylactic investment in immune defence (Reeson et al 1998;Huang & Song 1999;Barnes & Siva-Jothy 2000;Moret & SchmidHempel 2001;Wilson et al 2001;Little et al 2003). Arthropods subjected to immune insult also appear to produce immune responses that persist after the pathogen is neutralized (Sö derhäll 1982; Ratcliffe et al 1985;Kato et al 1994;Lemaître et al 1996). So far, no explanation has been provided for the occurrence of such long-lasting immune responses.…”

“…These peptides are secreted into the haemolymph (Hoffmann et al 1996). These antimicrobial pathways are induced within the hour following the challenge and the synthesis of antimicrobial peptides can persist for many days post-challenge (Sö derhäll 1982; Ratcliffe et al 1985;Kato et al 1994;Lemaître et al 1996). Moreover, some of these insect antimicrobial responses are induced in the absence of microbial antigens by a trauma alone, for example during wounding (Lemaître et al 1997), presumably as a prophylactic response.…”

Changes in lipophorins are related to the activation of phenoloxidase in the haemolymph of Locusta migratoria in response to injection of immunogens

“…Lipophorin has been implicated in reducing the toxicity of LPS in both mammals (Feingold et al, 1995, Kato et al, 1994b and invertebrates (Kato et al, 1994a;Kitchens et al, 1999). Injection of LPS does not result in the activation of phenoloxidase in the haemolymph of resting locusts (Goldsworthy et al, 2002) …”