“…Negative effects of the infodemic have been characterized in the context of such potential dangers as issues of trust (Carrapico & Farrand, 2020;Lovari, 2020;Atehortua & Patino, 2021) life-threatening public health problems (Radu, 2020;Patel et al, 2020;Malhotra, 2020), ambiguity, future anxiety, fear, stress, panic, and other psychological problems (Soldatova et al 2020;Breakwell & Jaspal, 2020;Hornik et al, 2021;Sadeghzadeh et al, 2021;Shoaib & Abdullah, 2021;Duplaga & Grysztar, 2021) and polarization, hostility, and violation of rights (Al-zaman, 2020;Ali, 2020).…”