Climate as the Major Factor Controlling Phenology

Abstract

The witnessed aberrance and irregularities in the timing of pheno-phases is an undeniable evidence of the reality of the climate change and hence proves the complete control of climate over phenology. In fact, some researchers mentioned the advance of blooming and the delay of defoliation to the mid of winter as well as the disappearance of many animal and vegetal species. This would visibly illustrates the impact of climate changes which became a factual reality. These facts a long with the rhythmicity of life under the climate control and seasonality makes the importance of this chapter unequivocal, and a backbone for this very book of “Agrometeorology”. Accordingly, this chapter treats each phenophase from dormancy to fructification to cover all the plant life cycle. For each of which we focus on how climate is intimately controlling the biological processes of each life phase and how climatic elements are the strongest and first factor which induces plant to starts the appropriate phenophase according to the fitting season. Plant is indeed very sensitive to seasonal variation in climate elements which induces the transcription of specific genes to produce specific enzymes which to their turn are with specific act on specific cells and tissues. Hence there is a high harmony between plant physiological response and climate seasonality endorsed by the circadian clock which is merely created by the historical subjection of plants to the impact of climate. Nonetheless, the recent climate changes are seemingly to be against this natural harmony between phenology and climate. This should due to their erraticism which may cause damages to the ecosystem and available resources. Thence, this chapter within this book would be inspiring for some strategies of adaptation to the climate changes to avoid such a prejudice against crops by adjusting the agricultural calendar and planting dates to avoid coincidence of fragile phenophases (germination, flowering, and fructification) with climatic hazards.

Flower and fruit formation of Hexachlamys edulis in Buenos Aires, Argentina

“…In addition, on 2020 cumulative rainfall were significant poorer respect to the other two years, which, added to the low temperatures, caused all the floral expression to be delayed and some button flowers were lost due to death. In coincidence with Guesmi (2021), it can be said phenology is directly influenced and controlled by climate especially by duration of sunlight, precipitation, temperature and other life-controlling factors. In fact, between results observed on 2018 and the others two years studied, one month advance was occurred of the anthesis stage.…”

“…The timing of phenological events such as bud burst, leaf-expansion, abscission, flowering, fertilization, seed set, fruiting, seed dispersal and germination can be quite sensitive to environmental conditions mainly climatic, being temperature, solar radiation, and water availability the key of factors that control plant phenology (Guesmi, 2021). Study of reproductive phenology and its interactions with the ecosystem provides the necessary tools for understanding the biology of a species (Kebede and Isotalo, 2016).…”

Interrelationship between limnological parameters of a floodplain lake in Dwarkeshwar river basin and their impact on fish biodiversity

“…Wetland has been described as a 'kidney of landscape' (Sun, 2018) [1] . Wetlands are areas where water is the primary factor controlling the environment and the associated plant and animal life (Guesmi, 2021) [59] . The wetlands are the most productive ecosystems on the Earth (Ghermandi et al, 2008) [2] and they provide many beneficial services to human society (Brink et al, 2011).…”

Shoot Phenology in Bambusoideae: A Review

“…The increment of atmospheric (CO 2 ) is the main factor of changes in temperature and precipitation, and it can also affect changes in phenology directly [5,10]. The effect of elevated (CO 2 ) on the vegetative and reproductive growth of Xanthium strumarium was studied, and it was found that the vegetative growth increased with an extension of the flowering period when the plants were exposed to elevated CO 2 [11].…”