“…For more than 25 years research has been developed towards evidencing, understanding and modelling the linkages between El Niño, the warm phase of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation, and malaria outbreaks in Colombia [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Figure 1 shows the annual series of malaria incidence in Colombia from 1960 to 2019, represented by the Annual Parasite Index [(number of confirmed cases/population at risk) x1000], using data from previous studies and the Colombian National Institute of Health.…”