Climate Change and Its Impact on Rainfall

Abstract

This paper reviews the climate change impact on rainfall as well as extreme events occurrences. The global extreme weather contributes to the uncertainties of the climate trend and water scarcity problems to the whole world. Thus, numerical models such as General Circulation Models (GCMs) have been developed to simulate the response of the global climate system to the expected increment of the greenhouse gases concentrations. However, the GCM cannot be directly applied to climate change impact studies, hence downscaling is needed. A large number of downscaling methods are available but there is no universal method exists at present that performs best for all conditions, depending on the application and this remains a subject of investigation. Therefore, this paper compares the performances among statistical and dynamical downscaling models that have been applied by different researchers in various purposes. It can be concluded that the statistical downscaling has been widely used and able to provide reliable climate projected results especially for Malaysia's climate variables. This review is very significant especially to the policy maker in deciding the reliable climatic methods for the long term planning and management of water resources. Besides, the reliable projected rainfall will be very beneficial in estimating water availability and water resource policy.

Projection the long-term ungauged rainfall using integrated Statistical Downscaling Model and Geographic Information System (SDSM-GIS) model

“…The SDSM application potentially to provide reliable result while having limited sources (Shahid et al., 2017). Its implementations were also well documented and has been successfully tested in numerous studies especially for the long term Malaysia's climate assessment (Noor et al., 2019; Tarmizi et al., 2019; Tahir et al., 2018; Tukimat et al., 2018).…”

Rainfall projection using CIMP6 models of extreme area in Johor

“…Since 1977, increasingly frequent warm phase occurrences of the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO) have been recorded. This behavior, particularly the prolonged warm period from 1990 to mid-1995, was unprecedented in the previous 120 years and had a substantial impact on rainfall in Malaysia [7]. It indicated that the increment of temperature was affected on reduction of water availability and became worst during dry months.…”

The adaptation to climate change of Bromo horticultural farmer to support the environmental and economic dimensions on sustainable agriculture

“…Changes in the composition of gas emissions in the atmosphere can cause climate change. Climate change can lead an increase in the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as floods and droughts, changes in rain patterns, and increases in temperature and sea levels [2][3][4]. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change-IPCC [5] shows that climate change has occurred with indications of an increase in the average global temperature for the period 1850-1899 to 2001-2005 of 0.76C.…”