Climate change effect on river runoff under CMIP6 GCM's in the Upper regions of Indus River

Abstract

Pakistan is primarily dependent on water supplies from the Upper Indus basin for irrigated agriculture. Any changes in available resources due to climate, consequently has the potential to have a significant impact on the environment. Coupled model inter-comparison project phase 6 (CMIP6) based global climate models (GCMs) under shared socioeconomic pathways (SSP245) scenario were assessed to evaluate the study area for climate change effect on river runoff using Soil and water assessment tool (SWAT). Temperature fluctuations have a significant effect on stream flow, since the primary sources of river runoff in the Upper Regions of Indus Basin (URIB) are snow and glacier melting. The temperature (min & max) will likely increase by almost 18% in the future, the projected precipitation pattern will increase by 13-17 %, and the stream flow will increase by 19-30 % in the future due to the warmer temperature. Temperature (min & max), precipitation and stream flow have had different effects in each season, while their variability in the projected annual changes are increasing for mid and late 21 century. Hydroelectricity generation, irrigation, flood prevention, and storage reservoir will be required in the strategies and action plans for the effective water resources management.

Halal Industry: A literature Bibliometric Review on Halal Studies

“…Furthermore, research on halal logistics, where the influence of halal logistics can provide potential opportunities from a SWOT analysis literature review 29 and the primary forces behind contributing to the most recent information in logistics management are changes in consumption so that this research can serve as a base or a reference in the future for more qualified research 30 .…”

Divergent path: isolating land use and climate change impact on river runoff

“…Water resources are under tremendous stress because of their continually expanding population. Pakistan's per capita water availability has declined over time, owing to the combined effects of the growing population and declining river runoff and reservoir storage capacity (Haleem et al, 2023a). Therefore, it is important to investigate the impacts of climate and land-use changes on streamflow to bring sustainability to the water environment.…”