Climate Change, Environmental Terrorism, Eco-Terrorism and Emerging Threats

Abstract

The footprint of human advancement has accelerated a climate variability with no precedents, further driving devastating natural and social events. The decrease in basic resources like water, has already been identified as a driver of violent conflicts, which have given way to the strengthening of terrorist organizations that used the environment as a tool of coercion. The damage caused to the earth’s ecosystem has additionally raised a wave of defensive activism that was initially considered as eco-terrorism. While the original eco-movements had not induced fatalities, recent extremist organizations are showing a more violent anti-progress and pro-environment agenda. Added to these, the response of the states against environmental activism initiatives, has spiked some concerns over the repression of civil liberties, which may have the potential to fuel the angering of extreme individuals, who can be prompted to take radicalized action. Using open source data, this article shows that environmental terrorism represents an increasing security threat, which in the future, might be worsened by the individual radicalization of marginalized environmental extremists.

Exploring pre‐hospital healthcare workers' readiness for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear threats in the State of Qatar: A cross‐sectional study

“…Extrinsic factors , mainly environmental factors. They are out of the control of HMCAS and hence can only be identified and monitored 19 , 20 (Figure 1 ).…”

“…Extrinsic factors, mainly environmental factors. They are out of the control of HMCAS and hence can only be identified and monitored19,20 (Figure1).Intrinsic factors are factors that HMCAS can control. They include a risk-based preparedness plan and training.…”

Cyber and contentious politics: Evidence from the US radical environmental movement

“…They referred to these types of direct actions as ‘monkeywrenching.’ At its peak in 2002, so-called ‘ecoterrorism’ and individuals associated with ELF and ALF were considered the number one domestic terror threat by the FBI (Potter, 2011). But since its peak in 1999–2001, eco-related attacks have declined precipitously (Spadaro, 2020).…”

Environmental Insecurity in Pakistan: Contemporary Challenges and Responses

“…This phenomenon is linked to the fears of ecological hazards directly impacting global development (Gore, Lute, Ratsimbazafy, & Rajaonson, 2016). The related challenges of food and water insecurity may also cause competition over the resources leading to future threats of offensive activism and ecological movements (Spadaro, 2020). In the view of ecological movements relevant to the seriousness of the environmental challenges, there is not much expressed about the contesting perceptions of Deep Green and Bright Green Environmentalism.…”