Human settlements require clean water in sufficient quantity with constant supply and at the same time produce continuous wastewater flows loaded with pathogens, organic and mineral matter, nutrients, and pollutants (Ceola et al., 2019;HDR, 2002). Exposure to household wastewater in living environments can directly endanger human health caused by waterborne pathogens and accelerating their spread (Naik & Stenstrom, 2012;Wolfe et al., 2018). Thus, collecting and draining wastewater from domestic sources were considered as key strategies to sanitizing residential areas, resulting in ∼60% connection of the recent global population to sewer systems (WWAP, 2017). As the basic needs for human health have been satisfied, larger-scope environmental problems induced by untreated wastewater releases have been addressed and resolved to mitigate water quality impairment, protect aquatic ecosystem integrity, and further ensure sufficient freshwater availability (Arden & Jawitz, 2019;EEA, 2015;Viessman et al., 2009). Centralized wastewater treatment systems, such as municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), have played major and significant roles in accomplishing these complex and long-term societal and environmental challenges. Jones et al. (2021) estimate that as of 2015, about 52% of worldwide municipal and manufacturing wastewater is released into the environment after treatment processes, with values ranging from ∼16% in Sub-Saharan Africa to ∼86% in western Europe. Over the coming decades, construction of new WWTPs is expected to meet targets to halve untreated wastewater discharges by 2030 under the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target 6.3 formulated by the United Nations (UN, 2015). In addition, the need for extended wastewater collection and treatment will be amplified due to continuous increase of human-produced wastewater followed by substantial growth of the global population and its demand for water, which is projected to increase of 50% by 2030 (UN, 2016).