“…9 Rapid urbanisation, especially in LMICs, leads to informal and sprawling cities that put pressure on health, social services, and sustainable livelihoods. 10 Urbanisation poses health risks through air pollution, traffic injuries, 11 noise stressors, 12 sedentary behaviours, 13 and inadequate waste management, which can lead to the spread of diseases and pollution of water and soil. 14 The impacts of rapid urbanisation are disproportionately carried by vulnerable populations, including individuals and families with low incomes, informal workers, and migrants seeking better opportunities.…”