Projected global warming and population growth will reduce future water availability for agriculture. Thus, it is essential to increase the efficiency in using water to ensure crop productivity. Quantifying crop water use (WU; i.e. actual evapotranspiration) is a critical step towards this goal. Here, sixteen wheat simulation models were used to quantify sources of model uncertainty and to estimate the relative changes and variability between models for simulated WU, water use efficiency (WUE, WU per unit of grain dry mass produced), transpiration efficiency (Teff, transpiration per kg of unit of grain yield dry mass produced), grain yield, crop transpiration and soil evaporation at increased temperatures and elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations ([CO2]). The greatest uncertainty in simulating water use, potential evapotranspiration, crop transpiration and soil evaporation was due to differences in how crop transpiration was modelled and accounted for 50% of the total variability among models. The simulation results for the sensitivity to temperature indicated that crop WU will decline with increasing temperature due to reduced growing seasons. The uncertainties in simulated crop WU, and in particularly due to uncertainties in simulating crop transpiration, were greater under conditions of increased temperatures and with high temperatures in combination with elevated atmospheric [CO2] concentrations. Hence the simulation of crop WU, and in particularly crop transpiration under higher temperature, needs to be improved and evaluated with field measurements before models can be used to simulate climate change impacts on future crop water demand.Keywords: multi-model simulation; transpiration efficiency; water use; uncertainty; sensitivity.
IntroductionGlobally, agriculture uses about 70% of all freshwater withdrawals for irrigation, although discrepancies exist in the quantified amount (Alcamo et al., 2007; Howell, 2001;Shen et al., 2008). About 70% of the world's wheat production comes from irrigated or high rainfall regions, with the majority of irrigation concentrated in developing countries with high population density, particularly large producers like China and India (Dixon et al., 2009;Reynolds and Braun, 2013).Projections that global food demand will double by 2050 highlight the challenges agriculture is facing with the need to produce more food with less land and less water (Foley et al., 2011; Godfray et al., 2010). Due to continued population growth, urbanization and industrialization, agriculture will increasingly compete with other sectors for freshwater (Godfray et al., 2010;Siebert and Doll, 2010; Tilman et al., 2011), and climate change may further limit water availability for irrigation in many cropping areas (Elliott et al., 2014). In rainfed agricultural environments, where crops rely on rainfall alone, future changes in rainfall patterns, temperature conditions, and increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations ([CO2]) will affect crop production (Challinor et a...