Climate‐Driven Characteristics of Sea‐Land Breezes Over the Globe

Abstract

Sea‐land breeze (SLB) is a critical component of the urban environment, wind power utilization, fishing industry, etc. along coastal areas where 40% world population live. Surrounding meteorological factors like the background wind field, temperature, and cloud fraction have all been reported to greatly impact SLB evolution. However, a climatological understanding of SLBs over the globe remains limited. This study quantifies the significance of SLBs under different climates over the globe for the first time, and investigates the long‐term trends in SLBs where there is significant existence of SLB. The results demonstrate that climate type plays a leading role in the significance and trends of global SLBs while special surface conditions, ocean currents, and landscapes explain abnormal cases. Climatologically, adequate in‐situ solar radiation and mild background meteorological field are the two root factors that ensure the significant existence of SLB.

Opposite trends of sea-breeze speeds and gusts in Eastern Spain, 1961-2019

“…Here we showed a decoupled variability and trends between SB speeds and gusts, which represents a nding never reported before for local winds. Actually, our results also showed that the understanding of SB changes is challenging, as many local factors can occur at the same time and drivers differ between mean and gust speeds(Miller et al 2003;Shen et al 2019Shen et al , 2021b. A speci c discussion of the principal ndings of this research follows:4.1 Increased SB occurrence due to anticyclonic activity and other related large-scale dynamicsThe overall increase in the annual SB occurrence is in agreement with some global analyses (Jiang et al2010; Perez et al 2017; Shen and Zhao 2020), but this trend may not be a widespread phenomenon (Pazandeh-Masouleh et al 2019; Shen et al 2019).…”

“…Despite being a widely studied phenomenon through numerical simulations (Drobinski et al 2018), cases-study (Cana et 2019; Shen and Zhao 2020, Shen et al 2021aShen et al , 2021b. In fact, there is no study examining how changes in SB in uence the seasonal trends and variability of winds.…”

“…For example, the dynamic factors (i.e., increasing surface roughness and urbanization expansion) have primarily driven the slowdown of summer SB speed (-0.033 m s − 1 decade − 1 ) in Shanghai (China) for 1994-2014 (Shen et al 2019); and also in Colombo (Sri Lanka) for the same period, with a greater wind speed decline after 2010 (Shen et al 2021b). On the opposite, the increase in air temperature has driven an annual and seasonal strengthening of the maximum SB speed in Adelaide (Australia) for 1955-2007 (Pazandeh-Masouleh et al 2019), and recent studies evidence ongoing positive wind trends in Adelaide and Perth for 1994-2014 (Shen et al 2021b). In addition, solar radiation also determined winter variations on SB speed in Los Angeles (USA) for 1994-2014 (Shen et al 2021a).…”

“…In addition, solar radiation also determined winter variations on SB speed in Los Angeles (USA) for 1994-2014 (Shen et al 2021a). In the Mediterranean area, where climate conditions favor the development of SB, trends vary locally, e.g., Thyna (Tunez) and Tel Aviv (Israel) present no signi cant variations for 1994-2014, Rome (Italy) shows positive trends and Barcelona (Spain) negative ones for the same period (Shen et al 2021b). These discrepancies evidence that SB changes are location-based, due to the different coastline orientation and complex terrain (Qian et al 2012), land-use changes (Kusaka et al 2000), large-scale atmospheric circulation (Arritt 1993), airsurface temperature rise (Lebassi-Habtezion et al 2011) or ocean-atmosphere oscillations (Azorin-Molina and Lopez-Bustins 2008) to mention a few, which can interact each other at once and control the SB features (Miller et al 2003), thereby challenging the understanding of their changes and variability.…”

Distinct roles of land cover in regulating spatial variabilities of temperature responses to radiative effects of aerosols and clouds

“…bareland, forest and cropland). With surface properties such as surface albedo, surface roughness, Bowen ratio (sensible heat flux divided by latent heat flux) (Li et al 2019), the underlying surface dynamics and thermodynamics exchange energy, momentum, and substance with the atmosphere to influence the global and regional climate (Sellers et al 1997, Shepherd 2006, Lee et al 2011, Sterling et al 2013, Zhao et al 2014, Findell et al 2017, Shen and Zhao 2020, Shen et al 2021. As a result, surface temperature responds to land surface energy dissipation (Juang et al 2007, Luyessart et al 2014.…”