Climate effects on size‐at‐age: growth in warming waters compensates for earlier maturity in an exploited marine fish

Neuheimer, Anna B.; Grønkjær, Peter

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02673.x

Cited by 60 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 82 publications

(148 reference statements)

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“…Among the potential sources of growth-independent plasticity examined, only temperature had a significant effect on female cod maturation; temperature experienced at age 0 had a significant negative effect on female cod L p50 at age 3, in agreement with earlier work (Wright et al 2011b, Neuheimer & Grønkjaer 2012. Previous findings for North Sea plaice and sole have also shown that elevated temperatures may accelerate maturation (Grift et al 2003, Mollet et al 2007).…”

Section: Temporal Trends In Pmrnssupporting

confidence: 80%

“…Since these environmental factors cannot explain the totality of the temporal trends in PRMNs, this suggests fisheries-induced evolution, in agreement with Neuheimer & Grønkjaer (2012) and Neuheimer & Taggart (2010) for haddock and Wright et al (2011b) for male cod. For female cod, the cohort effect was no longer significant after the inclusion of the environmental variables in the analysis, although it was significant before correction for multiple testing and it explained the largest part of the temporal change in PMRNs.…”

Section: Temporal Trends In Pmrnsmentioning

confidence: 77%

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Temporal trends in age and size at maturation of four North Sea gadid species: cod, haddock, whiting and Norway pout

Marty¹,

Rochet²,

Ernande³

2014

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Younger ages and smaller sizes at maturation have been observed in commercial fish stocks over the last century. We establish that age and length at 50% proportion mature (i.e. the proportion of mature individuals in a population or the probability that an individual is mature) decreased from the 1970s to the 2000s in North Sea cod Gadus morhua, haddock Melanogrammus aeglefinus and whiting Merlangius merlangus, but not in Norway pout Trisopterus esmarkii. The potential contributions of demography, phenotypic plasticity and evolution to these trends were assessed. First, maturation trends were extricated from demographic effects and growth-dependent plasticity by estimating probabilistic maturation reaction norms (PMRNs). PMRN midpoints have significantly shifted downwards at most ages for cod, haddock and whiting, but not for Norway pout. Second, increased temperature and food abundance, loosened trophic competition and relaxed social pressure may also trigger growth-independent plasticity in maturation. Principal component regression of PMRN midpoints on annual estimates of relevant environmental variables exhibiting a temporal trend suggest that, despite some evidence of environmental effects, PMRN trends were mostly independent of growth-independent plasticity in haddock, whiting and male cod, but not in female cod. According to these findings, evolution of maturation, potentially in response to fishing, is plausible in haddock, whiting and male cod, but unlikely for Norway pout, and does not explain trends in female cod maturation. In agreement with life-history theory, the maturation response was larger in fast-growing, late-and large-maturing species exhibiting moderate reproductive effort.

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Section: Temporal Trends In Pmrnssupporting

confidence: 80%

Section: Temporal Trends In Pmrnsmentioning

confidence: 77%

Temporal trends in age and size at maturation of four North Sea gadid species: cod, haddock, whiting and Norway pout

Marty¹,

Rochet²,

Ernande³

2014

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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“…Warming temperatures are generally associated with faster growth rates (higher K) for temperate stocks (Thresher et al, 2007;Neuheimer & Grønkjaer, 2012). However, it has not been fully appreciated that, given the negative relationship between L ∞ and K, the downside of fast early growth is smaller adult body size.…”

Section: Age Intervalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Warming temperatures and smaller body sizes: synchronous changes in growth of North Sea fishes

Baudron

Needle

Rijnsdorp³

et al. 2014

Global Change Biology

278

244

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Decreasing body size has been proposed as a universal response to increasing temperatures. The physiology behind the response is well established for ectotherms inhabiting aquatic environments: as higher temperatures decrease the aerobic capacity, individuals with smaller body sizes have a reduced risk of oxygen deprivation. However, empirical evidence of this response at the scale of communities and ecosystems is lacking for marine fish species. Here, we show that over a 40-year period six of eight commercial fish species in the North Sea examined underwent concomitant reductions in asymptotic body size with the synchronous component of the total variability coinciding with a 1-2 °C increase in water temperature. Smaller body sizes decreased the yield-per-recruit of these stocks by an average of 23%. Although it is not possible to ascribe these phenotypic changes unequivocally to temperature, four aspects support this interpretation: (i) the synchronous trend was detected across species varying in their life history and life style; (ii) the decrease coincided with the period of increasing temperature; (iii) the direction of the phenotypic change is consistent with physiological knowledge; and (iv) no cross-species synchrony was detected in other species-specific factors potentially impacting growth. Our findings support a recent model-derived prediction that fish size will shrink in response to climate-induced changes in temperature and oxygen. The smaller body sizes being projected for the future are already detectable in the North Sea.

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“…When non-negative DD values are summed over some period of interest, the resultant cumulative degree-days at a given T o (CDD T o ;°C·days) is an index of the metabolically relevant thermal energy that was experienced over that period. This index is useful for describing concurrent patterns of growth and development (e.g., Neuheimer and Grønkjaer 2012;Venturelli et al 2010). Although DDs have been used for decades to describe growth and development in plants (e.g., Reaumur 1735, cited in Bonhomme 2000 and insects (e.g., Seamster 1950;Thorup 1963), this approach is rare in fish science, accounting for only 5% of all temperaturerelated growth studies between 1980 and 2006 (Neuheimer and Taggart 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fish growth and degree-days I: selecting a base temperature for a within-population study

Chezik

Lester

Venturelli

2014

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

140

134

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Degree-days (DD) are an increasingly popular method for explaining variation in fish growth and development. By including a base temperature (T o ) the DD formula limits calculations to temperatures that are relevant to growth. However, our review of growth studies shows multiple T o values in use for a given fish species. To determine how T o affects the ability of DD to explain within-population growth variation, we first show that the ability of DD to describe a growing season is robust to low values of T o . We then analyze immature length data from eight species and 85 water bodies in North America to show that there is a broad range of T o values that effectively explain growth variation. Based on these results, we argue that precise T o estimates are unwarranted for most single-population studies and recommend standard T o values (0, 5, 10, 15°C). Standardization facilitates comparative studies and promotes the use of DD in future research. To this end, we provide equations for converting annual DD at a given T o to annual DD at a standard T o . Résumé :Les degrés-jours (DJ) constituent une méthode de plus en plus usitée pour expliquer les variations associées à la croissance et au développement des poissons. L'incorporation d'une température de base (T o ) dans la formule des DJ limite les calculs aux températures pertinentes pour la croissance. Un examen des études sur la croissance indique toutefois que de multiples valeurs de T o sont utilisées pour des espèces de poissons données. Afin de déterminer l'incidence de T o sur l'adéquation des DJ pour expliquer les variations de croissance au sein d'une population, nous démontrons d'abord l'adéquation des DJ pour décrire une période de croissance jusqu'à de faibles valeurs de T o . Nous analysons ensuite des données sur la longueur de poissons immatures pour huit espèces et 85 plans d'eau en Amérique du Nord pour démontrer qu'il existe une grande fourchette de valeurs de T o qui permettent d'expliquer adéquatement les variations de croissance. À la lumière de ces résultats, nous postulons que des estimations précises de T o ne sont pas nécessaires pour la plupart des études sur des populations individuelles et recommandons l'utilisation de valeurs de T o normalisées (0, 5, 10, 15°C). Une telle normalisation facilite les études comparatives et favorisera l'utilisation de DJ dans des travaux futurs. Nous présentons à cet effet des équations pour la conversion de DJ annuels pour une T o quelconque en DJ annuels pour une T o normalisée. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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Climate effects on size‐at‐age: growth in warming waters compensates for earlier maturity in an exploited marine fish

Cited by 60 publications

References 82 publications

Temporal trends in age and size at maturation of four North Sea gadid species: cod, haddock, whiting and Norway pout

Temporal trends in age and size at maturation of four North Sea gadid species: cod, haddock, whiting and Norway pout

Warming temperatures and smaller body sizes: synchronous changes in growth of North Sea fishes

Fish growth and degree-days I: selecting a base temperature for a within-population study

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