Climate-Relevant Properties of Diesel Particulate Emissions: Results from a Piggyback Study in Bangkok, Thailand

Subramanian, R.; Winijkul, Ekbordin; Bond, Tami C.; Thiansathit, Worrarat; Oanh, Nguyen Thi Kim; Paw-Armart, Ittipol; Duleep, K. G.

doi:10.1021/es8032296

Cited by 55 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 90 publications

(127 reference statements)

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“…2.3. The scaling factor was derived from Klimont et al (2017), who provided the global values for diesel and gasoline vehicles across different emission standard vehicles, and also based on PM emission factors measured in developing countries (Subramanian et al, 2009). On average, light duty diesel vehicles are scaled by a factor of 5 to get a value of 8.1 g kg −1 , and on average heavyduty diesel vehicles are scaled by a factor of 2 to get a value of 13.3 g kg −1 for superemitter vehicles.…”

Section: Emission Trends and Sectoral Contribution To National Estimatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nepal emission inventory – Part I: Technologies and combustion sources (NEEMI-Tech) for 2001–2016

et al. 2019

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Abstract. The lack of a comprehensive, up-to-date emission inventory for the Himalayan region is a major challenge in understanding the extensive regional air pollution, including its causes, impacts and mitigation pathways. This study describes a high-resolution (1 km × 1 km) present-day emission inventory for Nepal, developed with a higher-tier approach. The complete study is divided into two parts; this paper covers technologies and combustion sources in residential, industrial, commercial, agricultural diesel-use and transport sectors as Part I (NEEMI-Tech), while emissions from the open burning of municipal waste and agricultural residue in fields and fugitive emissions from waste management, paddy fields, enteric fermentation and manure management for the period 2001–2016 will be covered in Part II (NEEMI-Open). The national total energy consumption (except hydropower, solar and wind energy) estimated in the base year 2011 was 374 PJ, with the residential sector being the largest energy consumer (79 %), followed by industry (11 %) and the transport sector (7 %). Biomass is the dominant energy source, contributing to 88 % of the national total energy consumption, while the rest is from fossil fuel. A total of 8.9 Tg of CO2, 110 Gg of CH4, 2.1 Gg of N2O, 64 Gg of NOx, 1714 Gg of CO, 407 Gg of NMVOCs, 195 Gg of PM2.5, 23 Gg of BC, 83 Gg of OC and 24 Gg of SO2 emissions were estimated in 2011 from the five energy-use sectors considered in NEEMI-Tech. The Nepal emission inventory provides, for the first time, temporal trends of fuel and energy consumption and associated emissions in Nepal for a long period, 2001–2016. The energy consumption showed an increase by a factor of 1.6 in 2016 compared to 2001, while the emissions of various species increased by a factor of 1.2–2.4. An assessment of the top polluting technologies shows particularly high emissions from traditional cookstoves and space-heating practices using biomass. In addition, high emissions were also computed from fixed-chimney Bull's trench kilns (FCBTKs) in brick production, cement kilns, two-wheeler gasoline vehicles, heavy-duty diesel freight vehicles and kerosene lamps. The monthly analysis shows December, January and February as periods of high PM2.5 emissions from the technology-based sources considered in this study. Once the full inventory including open burning and fugitive sources (Part II) is available, a more complete picture of the strength and temporal variability in the emissions and sources will be possible. Furthermore, the large spatial variation in the emissions highlights the pockets of growing urbanization, which emphasize the importance of the detailed knowledge about the emission sources that this study provides. These emissions will be of value for further studies, especially air-quality-modeling studies focused on understanding the likely effectiveness of air pollution mitigation measures in Nepal.

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Section: Emission Trends and Sectoral Contribution To National Estimatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nepal emission inventory – Part I: Technologies and combustion sources (NEEMI-Tech) for 2001–2016

et al. 2019

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“…This database improves the resolution of the spatial distribution of emissions for large countries (12). To fill the data gap in developing countries, a set of EF BC values has been compiled for various residential solid fuel combustion devices and vehicles (13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). In addition to the problems with the emission inventories, the coarse resolution of existing global aerosol models also hinders our ability to capture detailed spatial variation, leading to poor agreement between model prediction and observations (7).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to ambient black carbon derived from a unique inventory and high-resolution model

Wang

Tao

Balkanski

et al. 2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

162

173

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Black carbon (BC) is increasingly recognized as a significant air pollutant with harmful effects on human health, either in its own right or as a carrier of other chemicals. The adverse impact is of particular concern in those developing regions with high emissions and a growing population density. The results of recent studies indicate that BC emissions could be underestimated by a factor of 2-3 and this is particularly true for the hot-spot Asian region. Here we present a unique inventory at 10-km resolution based on a recently published global fuel consumption data product and updated emission factor measurements. The unique inventory is coupled to an Asia-nested (∼50 km) atmospheric model and used to calculate the global population exposure to BC with fully quantified uncertainty. Evaluating the modeled surface BC concentrations against observations reveals great improvement. The bias is reduced from −88% to −35% in Asia when the unique inventory and higher-resolution model replace a previous inventory combined with a coarse-resolution model. The bias can be further reduced to −12% by downscaling to 10 km using emission as a proxy. Our estimated global population-weighted BC exposure concentration constrained by observations is 2.14 μg·m −3 ; 130% higher than that obtained using less detailed inventories and low-resolution models.air pollution | climate change | model resolution | emission inventory

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“…Unregulated HDDV trucks and buses, which may have been built to similar specifications, were measured by Subramanian et al (2009) in Thailand, with a reported average PM EF of 4-10 g/kg. Several studies also measured smoke opacity from these vehicles to be around 20% (Springer et al, 1974;Stahman et al, 1968;Williams et al, 1989) which can be converted to a PM EF of 5-7 g/kg as described in the supporting information Text S5.…”

Section: Heavy-duty and Light-duty Vehiclesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Constraining a Historical Black Carbon Emission Inventory of the United States for 1960–2000

et al. 2019

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We present an observationally constrained United States black carbon emission inventory with explicit representation of activity and technology between 1960 and 2000. We compare measured coefficient of haze data in California and New Jersey between 1965 and 2000 with predicted concentration trends and attribute discrepancies between observations and predicted concentrations among several sources based on seasonal and weekly patterns in observations. Emission factors for sources with distinct fuel trends are then estimated by comparing fuel and concentration trends and further substantiated by in‐depth examination of emission measurements. We recommend (1) increasing emission factors for preregulation vehicles by 80–250%; (2) increasing emission factors for residential heating stoves and boilers by 70% to 200% for 1980s and before; (3) explicitly representing naturally aspired off‐road engines for 1980s and before; and (4) explicitly representing certified wood stoves after 1985. We also evaluate other possible sources for discrepancy between model and measurement, including bias in modeled meteorology, subgrid spatial heterogeneity of concentrations, and inconsistencies in reported fuel consumption. The updated U.S. emissions are higher than the a priori estimate by 80% between 1960 and 1980, totaling 690 Gg/year in 1960 and 620 Gg/year in 1970 (excluding open burning). The revised inventory shows a strongly decreasing trend that was present in the observations but missing in the a priori inventory.

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Climate-Relevant Properties of Diesel Particulate Emissions: Results from a Piggyback Study in Bangkok, Thailand

Cited by 55 publications

References 90 publications

Nepal emission inventory – Part I: Technologies and combustion sources (NEEMI-Tech) for 2001–2016

Nepal emission inventory – Part I: Technologies and combustion sources (NEEMI-Tech) for 2001–2016

Exposure to ambient black carbon derived from a unique inventory and high-resolution model

Constraining a Historical Black Carbon Emission Inventory of the United States for 1960–2000

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