Climate stress impacts on livestock health: Implications for farming livelihoods and animal disease in Karnataka, India

Abstract

Understanding the impact of climate change on livestock health is critical to safeguarding global food supplies, economies, and farming livelihoods. We evidence, through exploration of secondary data informed by a rapid ethnographic assessment of farming livelihoods in Karnataka, India, that both precipitation and vapour pressure are key climate variables relating to outbreaks of haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS), anthrax (AX), and black quarter (BQ) across the Indian state of Karnataka. We then developed a risk classification tool that assesses how disease risk varies in Karnataka at present and in possible future scenarios. Temperature and maximum temperature are negatively correlated with HS, AX, and BQ, indicating that regions experiencing a cool (but still hot) climate with increasingly wetter, more humid conditions are at high risk of future outbreaks. Principal component analyses revealed the southwest India monsoon and winter periods to be the most strongly correlated with HS, AX, and BQ outbreaks. Vapour pressure, a proxy for humidity, has a positive relationship with these specific livestock diseases. Certain environmental conditions increase the incidence of some bacterial diseases and conditions that mimic their symptoms, and thus also risk driving up the use of antibiotics and the emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in regions under stress. This methodology can be replicated to investigate other diseases and regions, as long as the climate and epidemiological data cover similar time periods. This evidence highlights the need for greater synergies between climate change and One Health research and policy. One Health Impact Statement We have taken a transdisciplinary approach, which expands out of One Health to include climate science and participatory research with farmers and livestock industry consultants, to investigate the relationship between factors related to climate (surface temperatures, rainfall, humidity) and outbreaks of livestock-related bacterial diseases. This is especially relevant to the One Health approach as it attempts to integrate findings between not only the science of disease but also the science of climate change as a driver of disease, and address problems that could arise within the public and private sectors (local farming, livestock health, government policy etc.). Providing spatial context to climate-associated disease risk across the Indian state of Karnataka will benefit: local farmers who may already be practising, or are transitioning to, more intensive livestock farming; policymakers; and private sector companies who are planning for future investments. Such expansion needs to be undertaken with full awareness of potentially heightened disease risk. Our transdisciplinary approach is borne from the observations of famers’ lived experiences of challenges to their livelihoods and facilitates the use of climate datasets that may not have been primarily collected for, or used by, disease-related studies to map long-term epidemiological risk. This demonstrates the pragmatic impact that such transdisciplinary projects can have, by providing interpretations of observed risks to animal health (highlighted by social scientists during engagement with practitioner communities) that Earth Scientists were then able to quantify, proving links that would otherwise not have been evidenced. The use of disease data sourced from local institutions, including the Government of India and research laboratories, can inform plans for the application of pragmatic solutions to local challenges by local farmers who are primarily impacted by the challenges highlighted in the research.

Transdisciplinary approaches to addressing factors that influence antimicrobial use in dairy cattle: A scoping review

“…Regarding environmental change driven by climate trends, however, only three papers – Pviii, Plix and Plxix – genuinely considered the impact of weather patterns on disease risk and antibiotic use. Considering that many dairy farming regions of the world will come under increasing climate stress in coming decades [ 32 ], this is an area where more research is needed.…”

“…We added a third research question, which emerged frominformed our own work in India, carried out between 2018 and 2019: What are the climatic/environmental factors influencing antimicrobial use in dairy cattle? Discussions with farmers in Bangalore and Guwahati that sought to answer the first two questions had highlighted severe pressures on their livelihoods from climate change; this would have been missed had the projects not included social science methodology [ 31 , 32 ]. The discussions added an additional dimension to the explorations of underlying drivers of antimicrobial use.…”

Tackling AMR: A Call for a(n Even) More Integrated and Transdisciplinary Approach between Planetary Health and Earth Scientists

“…This raises a unique challenge for planetary and one health researchers and practitioners, as they will need to explore new (and perhaps even yet-to-be-developed) methodologies, knowledge, skills and networks in order to enhance environmental awareness. At least in the short term, such researchers are likely to be working with incomplete and fragmented data, as the regions of the world most affected by climate change are also those where surveillance is less robust [19]. Earth scientists, however, are more than familiar with the challenges of such data [20,22].…”

“…We present a case study based on our own research [18,19] which we believe shows the value in allowing space for transdisciplinary research that more holistically and iteratively integrates earth scientists' discipline-specific skills into planetary health's conceptual framework. These skills include problem-solving with incomplete/fragmentary data [20][21][22], the ability to think across four dimensions [23] and at the interface between the present and deep/geological time [24].…”

Understanding Constraints and Enablers of Climate Risk Management Strategies: Evidence from Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Regional South India

“…Climate-change-induced abrupt precipitation patterns and rising temperatures have heightened risks to the health and welfare of livestock [8,10]. For instance, foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), which is a dominant livestock disease in India, has been reported to be more prevalent under extreme and abrupt changes in rainfall and temperature [11][12][13]. Moreover, health risks of livestock animals are predicted to be accelerated due to a likely increase in average temperature by 2 • C by 2050 in the coming decades [14], as heat stress can inhibit the immune system of livestock leading to an increase in the potential outbreak of infectious diseases [12,[15][16][17].…”