Climate warming alters the structure of farmland tritrophic ecological networks and reduces crop yield

Derocles, Stéphane A. P.; Lunt, David H.; Berthe, Sophie C.F.; Nichols, Paul; Moss, Ellen D.; Evans, Darren M.

doi:10.1111/mec.14903

Cited by 30 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 92 publications

(153 reference statements)

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“…Finally, ecological entomologists will need to capitalise on the availability of new molecular methods, such as DNA metabarcoding, as well as proven methods like multiplex PCR, to study complex ecological networks (Hrček & Godfray, 2015;Evans et al, 2016;Ye et al, 2017;Derocles et al, 2018;Kitson et al, 2018). Such approaches can reveal new host-parasitoid associations in complex communities (Condon et al, 2014) and are also vital to identify facultative endosymbionts -and hence their effects -within these networks.…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As parasitoids can be limited in the number of eggs they can lay (Heimpel & Rosenheim, 1998), they could fail to regulate host populations under global warming. Another field experiment simulating the effects of increasing temperature on plant-aphid-parasitoid network structure in wheat crops observed an aphid outbreak without change in parasitism rates (Derocles et al, 2018). The long-term effects remain unknown.…”

Section: Effect Of Global Warming On Host Immunity and Host-parasitoimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We give an overview of published evidence in Table 1. Among all the studies looking at the effect of temperature on parasitism, either directly with laboratory experiments (Davis et al, 1998b;Dyer et al, 2013) and recently with field experiments (Derocles et al, 2018), or more commonly using a proxy such as altitudinal gradients (Péré et al, 2013;Maunsell et al, 2015;Morris et al, 2015), approximately half of the studies find an increase in parasitism, while the other half find a decrease or no changes at all. Evidence of reduced parasitism under global warming thus remains ambiguous.…”

Section: Consequences Of Global Warming For Entire Host-parasitoid Nementioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms structuring host–parasitoid networks in a global warming context: a review

Thierry

Hrček

Lewis

2019

Ecological Entomology

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1. In natural communities, multiple host and parasitoid species are linked to form complex networks of trophic and non-trophic interactions. Understanding how these networks will respond to global warming is of wide relevance for agriculture and conservation.2. This study synthesises the emerging evidence surrounding host-parasitoid networks in the context of global warming. The suite of direct and indirect interaction types within host-parasitoid networks is summarised, as well as their sensitivity to temperature changes. The study also compiles and reviews studies investigating the responses of whole host-parasitoid networks to increasing temperatures or proxy variables. The findings reveal there is limited evidence overall for the prediction that parasitism will be reduced under global warming: approximately equal numbers of studies show elevated and reduced parasitism.3. Increasingly, endosymbiotic bacteria are recognised as influential mediators of host-parasitoid interactions. These endosymbionts can change how individual species respond to global warming, and their effects can cascade to affect whole host-parasitoid networks. The evidence that symbiotic bacteria are likely to affect the response of host-parasitoid networks to global warming is reviewed. Symbionts can protect hosts from their parasitoids or influence thermal tolerance of their host species. Furthermore, the symbionts themselves can be impacted by global warming.4. Finally, the study considers the most promising avenues for future research into the mechanisms structuring host-parasitoid networks in the context of global warming. Alongside the increasing availability of modern molecular methods to document the structure of real, species-rich host-parasitoid networks, the study highlights the utility of manipulative experiments and mathematical models.

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Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effect Of Global Warming On Host Immunity and Host-parasitoimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Consequences Of Global Warming For Entire Host-parasitoid Nementioning

confidence: 99%

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Mechanisms structuring host–parasitoid networks in a global warming context: a review

Thierry

Hrček

Lewis

2019

Ecological Entomology

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“…By contrast, DNA-based approaches can be faster, more efficient and taxonomically more comprehensive, allowing the simultaneous resolution of interactions and identification of morphologically-cryptic species (Hrček and Godfray 2015). Molecular approaches to the construction of ecological networks have become increasingly common over the last decade (Clare 2014, Evans et al 2016, Derocles et al 2018, Roslin et al 2019, Evans and Kitson 2020. Although high throughput, 'next generation sequencing' (NGS) methods are now routinely used to characterise bulk samples, their use for characterising trophic interactions in food webs has proved more challenging.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular analyses reveal consistent food web structure with elevation in rainforestDrosophila- parasitoid communities

Jeffs

Terry

Higgie

et al. 2020

Preprint

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The analysis of interaction networks across spatial environmental gradients is a powerful approach to investigate the responses of communities to global change. Using a combination of DNA metabarcoding and traditional molecular methods we built bipartite Drosophila-parasitoid food webs from six Australian rainforest sites across gradients spanning 850 m in elevation and 5° Celsius in mean temperature. Our cost-effective hierarchical approach to network reconstruction separated the determination of host frequencies from the detection and quantification of interactions. The food webs comprised 5-9 host and 5-11 parasitoid species at each site, and showed a lower incidence of parasitism at high elevation. Despite considerable turnover in the relative abundance of host Drosophila species, and contrary to some previous results, fundamental metrics of network structure including nestedness and specialisation did not change significantly with elevation. Advances in community ecology depend on data from a combination of methodological approaches. It is therefore especially valuable to develop model study systems for sets of closely-interacting species that are diverse enough to be representative, yet still amenable to field and laboratory experiments.

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“…Temperature directly affects organisms' metabolic rate, for example by favouring C 4 plants (Zavaleta et al, 2003), with likely implications for entire food webs (Moya-Laraño et al, 2012). Field experiments have shown that different trophic groups will likely respond differently to increased temperature, yet consistently leading to a simplification of the food web either in agricultural fields (Derocles et al, 2018), grasslands (de Sassi et al, 2012) or in streams (O'Gorman et al, 2012). Biological invasions also have a well-demonstrated potential to disrupt local food webs.…”

Section: Patternsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientists' warning on endangered food webs

2020

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Abstract. All organisms are ultimately dependent on a large diversity of consumptive and non-consumptive interactions established with other organisms, forming an intricate web of interdependencies. In 1992, when 1700 concerned scientists issued the first “World Scientists' Warning to Humanity”, our understanding of such interaction networks was still in its infancy. By simultaneously considering the species (nodes) and the links that glue them together into functional communities, the study of modern food webs – or more generally ecological networks – has brought us closer to a predictive community ecology. Scientists have now observed, manipulated, and modelled the assembly and the collapse of food webs under various global change stressors and identified common patterns. Most stressors, such as increasing temperature, biological invasions, biodiversity loss, habitat fragmentation, over-exploitation, have been shown to simplify food webs by concentrating energy flow along fewer pathways, threatening long-term community persistence. More worryingly, it has been shown that communities can abruptly change from highly diverse to simplified stable states with little or no warning. Altogether, evidence shows that apart from the challenge of tackling climate change and hampering the extinction of threatened species, we need urgent action to tackle large-scale biological change and specifically to protect food webs, as we are under the risk of pushing entire ecosystems outside their safe zones. At the same time, we need to gain a better understanding of the global-scale synergies and trade-offs between climate change and biological change. Here we highlight the most pressing challenges for the conservation of natural food webs and recent advances that might help us addressing such challenges.

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Climate warming alters the structure of farmland tritrophic ecological networks and reduces crop yield

Cited by 30 publications

References 92 publications

Mechanisms structuring host–parasitoid networks in a global warming context: a review

Mechanisms structuring host–parasitoid networks in a global warming context: a review

Molecular analyses reveal consistent food web structure with elevation in rainforestDrosophila- parasitoid communities

Scientists' warning on endangered food webs

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