Climatic characteristics of heat waves and their simulation in plant experiments

Boeck, Hans J. De; Dreesen, Freja E.; Janssens, Ivan A.; Nijs, Ivan

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.02049.x

Cited by 157 publications

(158 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…As a test, we compared conditions from 15 March-15 October 2003 to normal, and found also here more sunshine, higher temperatures, lower RH and higher VPD, although the anomalies where less outspoken than for the precipitation-free droughts focused on here (data not shown). Warm, sunny and dry conditions also prevailed during heat waves in the same region (De Boeck et al, 2010). This is consistent with a global study by Trenberth and Shea (2005), in which they reported that temperature and precipitation generally co-vary positively in winter and negatively in summer, and should therefore not be interpreted as stand-alone parameters.…”

Section: Meteorological Conditionssupporting

confidence: 77%

“…The same cascade also explains why droughts get progressively warmer and sunnier, as we demonstrated. Our finding in a previous study (De Boeck et al, 2010) that heat waves are characterised by significantly less (−78 %) precipitation than normal and that they most often occur after a period of substandard rainfall should be regarded in the same light. New model simulations reinforce the notion of a slow build-up of heat via drought, with heat waves projected to become more intense at the end of summer through progressive soil moisture depletion effects (Fischer and Schär, 2009).…”

Section: Meteorological Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 84%

“…Apipattanavis et al, 2010). Experiments could explicitly mimic natural drought conditions by means of infrared heaters, which both increase leaf temperatures and vapour pressure differences (Kimball, 2005;De Boeck et al, 2010), and solar lamps (cf. Deckmyn et al, 1994).…”

Section: Plant Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Drought-associated changes in climate and their relevance for ecosystem experiments and models

Boeck

Verbeeck

2011

Biogeosciences

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Abstract. Drought periods can have important impacts on plant productivity and ecosystem functioning, but climatic conditions other than the lack of precipitation during droughts have never been quantified and have therefore not been considered explicitly in both experimental and modeling studies. Here, we identify which climatic characteristics deviate from normal during droughts and how these deviations could affect plant responses. Analysis of 609 years of daily data from nine Western European meteorological stations reveals that droughts in the studied region are consistently associated with more sunshine (+45 %), increased mean (+1.6 • C) and maximum (+2.8 • C) air temperatures and vapour pressure deficits that were 51 % higher than under normal conditions. These deviations from normal increase significantly as droughts progress. Using the process-model ORCHIDEE, we simulated droughts consistent with the results of the dataset analysis and compared water and carbon exchange of three different vegetation types during such natural droughts and droughts in which only the precipitation was affected. The comparison revealed contrasting responses: carbon loss was higher under natural drought in grasslands, while increased carbon uptake was found especially in decidious forests. This difference was attributed to better access to water reserves in forest ecosystems which prevented drought stress. This demonstrates that the warmer and sunnier conditions naturally associated with droughts can either improve growth or aggravate droughtCorrespondence to: H. J. De Boeck (hans.deboeck@ua.ac.be) related stress, depending on water reserves. As the impacts of including or excluding climatic parameters that correlate with drought are substantial, we propose that both experimental and modeling efforts should take into account other environmental factors than merely precipitation.

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Section: Meteorological Conditionssupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Meteorological Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 84%

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Drought-associated changes in climate and their relevance for ecosystem experiments and models

Boeck

Verbeeck

2011

Biogeosciences

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“…Other studies also confirm the small impact of heat alone on GPP (De Boeck et al, 2010). Only for very long and pronounced extreme events was a clear 5 negative impact on GPP observed (discussed in detail in Sec.…”

supporting

confidence: 63%

“…For example, drought-induced closing of the stomata and the subsequent reduction in evaporative cooling can further increase heat stress when water stress co-occurs with a high temperature anomaly (De Boeck and Verbeeck, 2011;Bréda et al, 2006). Conversely, high temperature impacts can be alleviated 5 by evaporative cooling as long as enough water for transpiration is available (De Boeck et al, 2010).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of droughts and extreme temperature events on gross primary production and ecosystem respiration: a systematic assessment across ecosystems and climate zones

Buttlar¹,

Zscheischler²,

Rammig³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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Abstract.Extreme climatic events, such as droughts and heat stress induce anomalies in ecosystem-atmosphere CO 2 fluxes, such as gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (R eco ), and, hence, can change the net ecosystem carbon balance.However, despite our increasing understanding of the underlying mechanisms, the magnitudes of the impacts of different types of extremes on GPP and R eco within and between ecosystems remain poorly predicted. Here we aim to identify the major 5 factors controlling the amplitude of extreme event impacts on GPP, R eco , and the resulting net ecosystem production (NEP).We focus on the impacts of heat and drought and their combination. We identified hydrometeorological extreme events in consistently downscaled water availability and temperature measurements over a 30 year time period. We then used FLUXNET eddy-covariance flux measurements to estimate the CO 2 flux anomalies during these extreme events across dominant vegetation types and climate zones. Overall, our results indicate that short-term heat extremes increased respiration more strongly than 10 they down-regulated GPP, resulting in a moderate reduction of the ecosystem's carbon sink potential. In the absence of heat stress, droughts tended to have smaller and similarly dampening effects on both GPP and R eco , and, hence, often resulted in neutral NEP responses. The combination of drought and heat typically led to a strong decrease in GPP, whereas heat and drought impacts on respiration partially offset each other. Taken together, compound heat and drought events led to the strongest C sink reduction compared to any single-factor extreme. A key insight of this paper, however, is that duration matters most: 15 for heat stress during droughts, the magnitude of impacts systematically increased with duration, whereas under heat stress without drought, the response of R eco over time turned from an initial increase to a down-regulation after about two weeks.This confirms earlier theories that not only the magnitude but also the duration of an extreme event determines its impact. Our study corroborates the results of several local site-level case studies, but as a novelty generalizes these findings at the global scale. Specifically, we find that the different response functions of the two antipodal land-atmosphere fluxes GPP and R eco can 20 also result in increasing NEP during certain extreme conditions. Apparently counterintuitive findings of this kind bear great potential for scrutinizing the mechanisms implemented in state-of-the-art terrestrial biosphere models and provide a benchmark for future model development and testing.

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Strong reduction in diapause survival under warm and humid overwintering conditions in a temperate‐zone butterfly

Klockmann

Fischer

2019

Population Ecology

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Anthropogenic climate change poses substantial challenges to biodiversity conservation. Effects of climate change on summer conditions and associated heat and desiccation stress have attracted much research interest, while the implications of changing winter conditions on hibernation have hitherto received fairly little attention. This is surprising as the latter may also strongly affect biodiversity. By investigating the effects of overwintering conditions on diapause and postdiapause survival in a temperate‐zone butterfly, we found that warmer and moister winter conditions substantially decreased survival rates. However, detrimental effects were restricted to survival during diapause and subsequent development and had no clear effects on butterfly performance. We suggest that overwintering survival is an important driver of vulnerability to climate change. Our study stresses the importance of collating more data on overwintering survival in species with different hibernation strategies to predict the impact of ongoing climate change on biodiversity.

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Climatic characteristics of heat waves and their simulation in plant experiments

Cited by 157 publications

References 52 publications

Drought-associated changes in climate and their relevance for ecosystem experiments and models

Drought-associated changes in climate and their relevance for ecosystem experiments and models

Impacts of droughts and extreme temperature events on gross primary production and ecosystem respiration: a systematic assessment across ecosystems and climate zones

Strong reduction in diapause survival under warm and humid overwintering conditions in a temperate‐zone butterfly

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