Climatic controls on fire-induced sediment pulses in Yellowstone National Park and central Idaho: a long-term perspective

Abstract

Fire management addressing postfire erosion and aquatic ecosystems tends to focus on short-term effects persisting up to about a decade after fire. A longer perspective is important in understanding natural variability in postfire erosion and sedimentation, the role of these processes in structuring habitat, and future expectations in light of a warming climate and environmental change. In cool high-elevation forests of northern Yellowstone National Park, stand ages indicate infrequent large stand-replacing fires. In warmer low-elevation forests of the Payette River region of Idaho, fire-scarred tree-rings record frequent low-severity fires before 1900; stand-replacing fires and resulting debris flows in recent decades are usually attributed to 20th-century fire suppression, grazing, and other land uses. In both areas, however, tree-ring records extend back only about 500 years. We use 14 C-dated geologic records to examine spatial and temporal patterns of fire-induced sedimentation and its relation to climate over the last 10 000 years. We review sedimentation processes in modern postfire events, which vary in magnitude and impact on stream systems depending on burn severity, basin geomorphology, and the timing and characteristics of postfire storms. Modern deposits also provide analogs for identification of fire-related deposits in alluvial fans. In Yellowstone, episodes of fire-induced sedimentation occurred at intervals of about 300-450 years during the last 3500 years, indicating a regime of infrequent high-severity fires. Millennial-scale variations in the fire-sedimentation record appear to relate to hemispheric-scale climatic change. Fire-related sedimentation is rare in Yellowstone during cooler episodes (e.g., the Little Ice Age $1200-1900 A.D.), probably because effectively wetter conditions prevented most fires from spreading. During some of the same cool periods, the Payette region experienced light surface fires and frequent, small pulses of fire-induced sediment. Between 900 and 1200 A.D., however, large fire-related debris flows occurred in both study areas, coincident with the Medieval Warm Period. During that time, drought may have limited grass growth in xeric Payette-region forests, restricting surface fire spread and allowing understory shrubs and trees to create ladder fuels. Although fire suppression and land-use effects are clearly involved in recent catastrophic fires in the Payette region, a warming climate and severe drought are probable contributors to major stand-replacing fires and postfire sedimentation, both past and present. Restoration and maintenance of conditions prior to European settlement may be unrealistic because of the potent influence of climate, and the incidence of severe fires will likely increase in both areas with future warming. #

Over 16,000 Years of Fire Frequency Determined from AMS Radiocarbon Dating of Soil Charcoal in an Alluvial Fan at Bear Flat, Northeastern British Columbia

“…Millspaugh et al (1998) suggested a trend related primarily to solar insolation, though more detailed dating suggests a link to millennial-scale phenomena (see also Meyer et al 1995). The results of Meyer et al (1995), discussed by Meyer and Pierce (2003), suggest an anti-correlation with Bond cycles and also a response to century-scale events such as the MWP and the Little Ice Age. Meyer and Pierce (2003) also compared the Yellowstone results to those from Idaho (Meyer et al 2001).…”

Confluence Environments at the Scale of River Networks

“…Meyer et al, 2001;Meyer and Pierce, 2003). Identifying confluence environments may therefore depend on the length of time since the last erosion and sediment-transport event, and this may be specific to individual tributary basins.…”

Highly episodic fire and erosion regime over the past 2,000 y in the Siskiyou Mountains, Oregon

“…Here we provide a millennial-scale, high-resolution history of middle-elevation forests where there are concerns about unnaturally high fuel loads and altered fire regimes. Few sediment-based studies have evaluated fire severity (i.e., tree mortality and soil impacts), although there is a potential to reconstruct geomorphic responses to severe fire from signatures in colluvial and alluvial sediment (24). In this study we present a paleoecological record of the last 2,000 y of fire, erosion, and vegetation changes in the dry mixed-conifer/broadleaved evergreen zone of the Siskiyou Mountains to examine (i) the variability of fire during the climatic changes of the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA; ca.…”