Climatic Modulation of Timing of Systems-Tract Development with Respect to Sea-Level Changes (Middle Pleistocene of Crotone, Calabria, Southern Italy)

Abstract

Climate change has traditionally played a secondary role in the literature behind eustasy and tectonics, with eustasy regarded as the main controlling factor in development of sedimentary sequences. Here, we emphasize the role of the interaction of climate-modulated sediment supply and sea-level change, particularly its potential impact on sequence development. We discuss a case history from the lower–middle Pleistocene of the highly subsiding Valle di Manche shelf area (Crotone Basin, Calabria, southern Italy), where a stack of cyclothems spanning from late Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 22 to full MIS 18 preserves a full record of eustatic cycles, glacials included. Tectonics certainly played a critical role in the creation of local accommodation, ultimately controlling the preservation of an almost complete sedimentary record. However, its role as a factor controlling the sediment flux on Milankovian scale can be ruled out. Direct comparisons between data concerning δ18O, pollen, and physical stratigraphy demonstrate that climate-induced changes in sediment load caused significant deviations from the predicted timing and magnitude of the responses to sea-level changes in the traditional sequence model. A phase lag occurred in the timing of systems tracts, leading to a significant delay of one-quarter of a sea-level cycle. Specifically, climate-driven sediment discharge during sea-level rise triggered progradation of shelf-margin wedges, which should thus be considered lowstand in their architecture and "transgressive" in their timing. This was generated by a shift toward drier conditions, leading to extensive deforestation and consequent lowering of the threshold for slope erosion and mass-wasting processes in the source area. Due to the reduced extent of the transfer zone, sedimentary signals were conveyed rapidly from source to sink with little apparent attenuation, suggesting that the Milankovitch-scale climate changes can lead to rapid source-to-sink responses on tectonically active margins fed by high-gradient, short-headed streams. The studied case history demonstrates that the impact of Milankovitch-scale climatic forcing on sediment supply in an icehouse world can be more supluential than sediment redistribution due to corresponding sea-level fluctuations. These findings emphasize that a reconstruction of the timing of systems-tract development with respect to sea-level changes based on a sequence-stratigraphic approach may be misleading, whenever independent chronological and climatic constraints are not available

Formal subdivision of the Quaternary System/Period: Past, present, and future

“…The Valle di Manche section extends from MIS 23 to~MIS 18.3 based on the interpretation of cyclothems. The ongoing work of Capraro et al (2015) updates an earlier study by Capraro et al (2005; see also Rio et al, 1996;Massari et al, 2007;Scarponi et al, 2014) with a revised lithological log and higher-resolution sampling.…”

Sedimentology, architecture, and sequence stratigraphy of coarse-grained, submarine canyon fills from the Pleistocene (Gelasian-Calabrian) of the Peri-Adriatic basin, central Italy

“…Short-term oscillations of continental climate may exert a significant control on type and extension of vegetation cover, as well as on the seasonality and amount of precipitation, inducing important variations in erosional rates, fluvial run-off and, ultimately, sediment discharge from the fluvial systems into the basins (Leeder et al, 1998). Two recently published studies from both shelf (Massari et al, 2007) and deep-water (Ducassou et al, 2009) successions of the Mediterranean area assessed the complex interaction of climate-modulated sediment supply and sea-level changes during the Quaternary and, particularly, its potential impact on sequence development and timing of systems tracts.…”

“…Specifically, Massari et al (2007) studied a stack of middle Pleistocene glacio-eustatic cyclothems exposed in the Crotone Basin, southern Italy. During deposition, the Crotone Basin has experienced large climatic changes featuring cool, markedly humid conditions during glacials, which led to reduced sediment yield because of the development of a thicker forest cover, and a shift to drier conditions during deglaciations, which led to increased soil erosion and high rates of sediment supply to the margin.…”

Relationships between high‐magnitude relative sea‐level changes and filling of a coarse‐grained submarine canyon (Pleistocene, Ionian Calabria, Southern Italy)

“…More recently, field studies by Van Dijk (1990), Rio et al. (1996), Massari et al. (1999, 2002, 2007), Mellere et al.…”

“…In addition, the uplift of the region was certainly responsible for the generation of the unconformity separating the canyon fill from the overlying continental sediments. Moreover, climatic changes strictly linked to glacial‐interglacial periods are thought to have led to significant sediment supply variations, which in the Crotone area resulted in abundant clastic detritus delivered to the shelf and slope during deglaciation phases (Massari et al. , 2007).…”