Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea–air CO2 flux over the global oceans

Takahashi, Taro; Sutherland, Stewart C; Wanninkhof, Rik; Sweeney, Colm; Feely, Richard A.; Chipman, D.W.; Hales, Burke; Friederich, Gernot; Chávez, Francisco P.; Sabine, Christopher L.; Watson, Andrew J.; Bakker, D. C. E.; Schuster, Ute; Metzl, Nicolas; Yoshikawa-Inoue, Hisayuki; Ishii, Masayoshi; Midorikawa, Takashi; Nojiri, Yukihiro; Körtzinger, Arne; Steinhoff, Tobias; Hoppema, Mario; Ólafsson, Jón; Arnarson, Thórarinn S.; Tilbrook, Bronte; Johannessen, Truls; Olsen, Are; Bellerby, R. G. J.; Wong, C. S.; Delille, Bruno; Bates, Nicholas R.; Baar, H. J. W. de

doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.12.009

Cited by 1,970 publications

(2,919 citation statements)

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“…This is supported by the "cGENIE" Earth system model estimates with Eocene boundary conditions for offshore Tanzania (Extended Data Fig. 6) 37 ; nevertheless, to include the uncertainty of potential disequilibrium with the atmosphere we added ±40 p.p.m. CO 2 uncertainty into our estimates of atmospheric CO 2 using δ 11 B.…”

Section: Site Informationmentioning

confidence: 89%

Changing atmospheric CO2 concentration was the primary driver of early Cenozoic climate

Anagnostou

John

Edgar

et al. 2016

Nature

392

377

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The Early Eocene Climate Optimum (EECO, which occurred about 51 to 53 million years ago) 1 , was the warmest interval of the past 65 million years, with mean annual surface air temperature over ten degrees Celsius warmer than during the pre-industrial period 2-4 . Subsequent global cooling in the middle and late Eocene epoch, especially at high latitudes, eventually led to continental ice sheet development in Antarctica in the early Oligocene epoch (about 33.6 million years ago). However, existing estimates place atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) levels during the Eocene at 500-3,000 parts per million [5][6][7] , and in the absence of tighter constraints carbon-climate interactions over this interval remain uncertain. Here we use recent analytical and methodological developments 8-11 to generate a new high-fidelity record of CO 2 concentrations using the boron isotope (δ 11 Β) composition of well preserved planktonic foraminifera from the Tanzania Drilling Project, revising previous estimates 6 . Although species-level uncertainties make absolute values difficult to constrain, CO 2 concentrations during the EECO were around 1,400 parts per million. The relative decline in DOI: 10.1038/nature17423 Page 2 of 38 CO 2 concentration through the Eocene is more robustly constrained at about fifty per cent, with a further decline into the Oligocene 12 . Provided the latitudinal dependency of sea surface temperature change for a given climate forcing in the Eocene was similar to that of the late Quaternary period 13 , this CO 2 decline was sufficient to drive the well documented high-and low-latitude cooling that occurred through the Eocene 14 . Once the change in global temperature between the pre-industrial period and the Eocene caused by the action of all known slow feedbacks (apart from those associated with the carbon cycle) is removed 2-4 , both the EECO and the late Eocene exhibit an equilibrium climate sensitivity relative to the pre-industrial period of 2.1 to 4.6 degrees Celsius per CO 2 doubling (66 per cent confidence), which is similar to the canonical range (1.5 to 4.5 degrees Celsius 15 ), indicating that a large fraction of the warmth of the early Eocene greenhouse was driven by increased CO 2 concentrations, and that climate sensitivity was relatively constant throughout this period.Over the past 540 million years, Earth's climate has oscillated between a globally warm 'greenhouse state' and an 'icehouse state' with substantial continental glaciation 16 . The most recent of these transitions occurred between the warmest time interval of the last 65 million years-the EECO (about 14 ± 3 °C warmer than preindustrial times 2 )-and the rapid growth of ice on Antarctica in the earliest icehouse state of the Oligocene (~33.6 Myr ago 1 ). It has been suggested that variations in the concentration of the greenhouse gas CO 2 were responsible for both the overall warmth of the Eocene and the subsequent cooling 17 . Recent studies have documented the importance of CO 2 decline for the final step into the icehous...

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Section: Site Informationmentioning

confidence: 89%

Changing atmospheric CO2 concentration was the primary driver of early Cenozoic climate

Anagnostou

John

Edgar

et al. 2016

Nature

392

377

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“…We notice that this flux only represents 12−26% of the currently best estimated global continental shelf CO 2 sink of ß−0.25 PgC yr −1 Laruelle et al 2010) and does not balance the CO 2 source from inner estuaries (ß+0.25 PgC yr −1 ) ( Table 7.1). The global river plume CO 2 sink is much smaller compared with the CO 2 sink in the open ocean ranging between −1.4 PgC yr −1 and −2.2 PgC yr −1 (Gruber et al 2009;Takahashi et al 2009). We acknowledge that this global plume CO 2 sink estimate is very crude.…”

Section: A Tentative Estimate Of Global River-plume Co 2 Fluxmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon dioxide dynamics and fluxes in coastal waters influenced by river plumes

Cai

Chen²,

Borges³

2013

Biogeochemical Dynamics at Major River-Coastal Interfaces

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“…To generate the annual mean fields of DIC and ALK for the nominal year 1997, we started with the observed climatology of Takahashi et al (2009) from the year 2000, and then calculated ALK and DIC following Lenton et al (2012) using the annual mean sea surface and salinity from WOA2005 from Locarnini et al (2006) and Antonov et al (2006) respectively. To correct the DIC to 1997, we used the observed global atmospheric growth rate from Mauna Loa (Earth System Research Laboratory, 2009) and the approximation of the Revelle factor (Sarmiento and Gruber, 2006).…”

Section: P R Oke Et Al: Evaluation Of a Near-global Eddy-resolvingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of a near-global eddy-resolving ocean model

et al. 2013

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Abstract. Analysis of the variability of the last 18 yr (1993)(1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008)(2009)(2010)(2011)(2012) of a 32 yr run of a new near-global, eddy-resolving ocean general circulation model coupled with biogeochemistry is presented. Comparisons between modelled and observed mean sea level (MSL), mixed layer depth (MLD), sea level anomaly (SLA), sea surface temperature (SST), and chlorophyll a indicate that the model variability is realistic. We find some systematic errors in the modelled MLD, with the model generally deeper than observations, which results in errors in the chlorophyll a, owing to the strong biophysical coupling. We evaluate several other metrics in the model, including the zonally averaged seasonal cycle of SST, meridional overturning, volume transports through key straits and passages, zonally averaged temperature and salinity, and El Niño-related SST indices. We find that the modelled seasonal cycle in SST is 0.5-1.5 • C weaker than observed; volume transports of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, the East Australian Current, and Indonesian Throughflow are in good agreement with observational estimates; and the correlation between the modelled and observed NINO SST indices exceeds 0.91. Most aspects of the model circulation are realistic. We conclude that the model output is suitable for broader analysis to better understand upper ocean dynamics and ocean variability at mid-and low latitudes. The new model is intended to underpin a future version of Australia's operational short-range ocean forecasting system.

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Climatological mean and decadal change in surface ocean pCO2, and net sea–air CO2 flux over the global oceans

Cited by 1,970 publications

References 88 publications

Changing atmospheric CO2 concentration was the primary driver of early Cenozoic climate

Changing atmospheric CO2 concentration was the primary driver of early Cenozoic climate

Carbon dioxide dynamics and fluxes in coastal waters influenced by river plumes

Evaluation of a near-global eddy-resolving ocean model

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