Climatology, Long‐Term Trend and Solar Response of Na Density Based on 28 Years (1990–2017) of Midlatitude Mesopause Na Lidar Observation

She, Chiao‐Yao; Krueger, David A.; Yan, Zhao‐Ai; Yuan, Tao; Smith, Anne K.

doi:10.1029/2023ja031652

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Second, except for the period of May to August, the centroid altitude of calcium atoms at Yanqing is slightly higher (less than 1 km) than that observed in Kühlungsborn. It is noteworthy that She et al, 2023, reported a declining trend in the centroid altitude of sodium atoms from 1990 to 2017, correlating with solar flux [30]. To further explore this, we calculated the monthly average sunspot number, obtaining a mean of 56.69/month for December 1996 to December 1998 and 34.13/month for March 2020 to July 2022.…”

Section: Comparison With Observations At Kühlungsborn (54 • N)mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Table 1 presents the parameters of the Ca and Ca + lidar system. 30 mJ for Ca and Ca + ions, respectively), a narrow bandwidth (169.3 MHz and 154.6 MHz for Ca and Ca + ions, respectively), robust system stability, and the ability to generate a uniform and adjustable laser spot. The OPO lidar utilizes an all-solid-state technology, with the laser component providing control over the output spot.…”

Section: The Opo Ca-ca + Lidarmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Seasonal Variation in the Mesospheric Ca Layer and Ca+ Layer Simultaneously Observed over Beijing (40.41°N, 116.01°E)

Xun,

Zhao,

Wang

et al. 2024

Remote Sensing

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In March 2020, an all-solid-state dual-wavelength narrow-band lidar system was deployed. A total of 226 nights spanning from March 2020 to July 2022 were employed in order to investigate the seasonal variations of calcium atoms and ions in the mesosphere over Beijing (40.41°N, 116.01°E). The Ca+ layer shows general annual variation, while a semiannual variation is observed on the Ca layer. The calcium atomic column densities ranged from 2.0 × 106 to 1.1 × 108 cm−2, and the calcium ion column densities ranged from 1.6 × 106 to 4.2 × 108 cm−2. The mean centroid heights of Ca+ and Ca are 98.6 km and 93.0 km, respectively, and the centroid heights of Ca+ and Ca are mostly influenced by annual variations. The seasonal variation in the Ca+ and Ca layers in Beijing exhibits similarities to that of Kühlungsborn (54°N). While the peak density of Ca+ in Beijing are similar to those observed in Kühlungsborn, the peak density of the Ca layer in Beijing is about half of that reported in the Ca layer at 54°N. We provide an explanation for the disparities in the column abundance and centroid altitude of the Ca layer between Yanqing and Kühlungsborn, discussing variations in neutralization among different metal ions.

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Section: Comparison With Observations At Kühlungsborn (54 • N)mentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: The Opo Ca-ca + Lidarmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seasonal Variation in the Mesospheric Ca Layer and Ca+ Layer Simultaneously Observed over Beijing (40.41°N, 116.01°E)

Xun,

Zhao,

Wang

et al. 2024

Remote Sensing

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Long-term changes of sodium column abundance at 24.6°S above the Atacama Desert in Chile

Haguenauer,

von Savigny,

Plane

et al. 2024

A&A

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The utilisation of artificial laser guide star (LGS) obviates the necessity for a prominent natural guide star (NGS) within adaptive optics (AO) systems. High-power lasers are fundamental components of most AO systems today. The generation of an LGS relies on the excitation of sodium (denoted by its symbol Na) atoms situated in the upper atmosphere. Therefore, the sodium vertical column density (denoted as $ C_ Na $) is a crucial parameter. Beyond ensuring the optimal and stable performance of an AO system, knowledge of the return flux from an LGS is imperative during the design phase, aiding in the accurate specification of both the LGS and the AO system. The availability of sodium in the upper atmosphere has been the focal point of diverse studies, exhibiting a pronounced dependence on the specific observatory site. Furthermore, it is well established that $ C_ Na $ varies across multiple timescales, including hours, nights, months, seasons, and even several years. As many of the world’s largest telescopes are located in the Atacama Desert in northern Chile, our objective is to provide $ C_ Na $ statistics pertinent to this specific region. We used telemetry data from the AO systems operational at the Paranal Observatory ($24.6^ circ $S, $70.4^ circ $W): Ground Atmospheric Layer Adaptive Corrector for Spectroscopic Imaging (GALACSI) and Ground layer Adaptive Optics system Assisted by Lasers (GRAAL). We combined these data with measurements from two space instruments: SCanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric CHartographY (SCIAMACHY) and Optical Spectrograph and Infrared Imaging System (OSIRIS), as well as with simulated data from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). We carefully analysed and compared these datasets to develop a statistical model for the temporal variations of $ Na. We validated the use of the AO telemetry data from Paranal systems to retrieve the $ C_ Na $. The near-continuous measurements encompassing the period from mid-2017 to the end of 2023 facilitated the determination of monthly and yearly abundance and variability of Na in the mesopause region. Throughout the complete years of measurement, the annual and semi-annual variations exhibit consistent characteristics that align with previously documented findings in atmospheric studies. Through meticulous comparison and the fitting of various long-term datasets, we formulated a model depicting the evolution of $ C_ Na $ over time. The validity of our data processing and model is scrutinised, and the results obtained for the Paranal latitude exhibit noteworthy concordance with the findings of other studies.

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On the relationship between the mesospheric sodium layer and the meteoric input function

Li,

Huang,

Urbina

et al. 2024

Ann. Geophys.

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Abstract. This study examines the relationship between the concentration of atmospheric sodium and its meteoric input function (MIF). We use the measurements from the Colorado State University (CSU) and the Andes Lidar Observatory (ALO) lidar instruments with a new numerical model that includes sodium chemistry in the mesosphere and lower-thermosphere (MLT) region. The model is based on the continuity equation to treat all sodium-bearing species and runs at a high temporal resolution. The model simulation employs data assimilation to compare the MIF inferred from the meteor radiant distribution and the MIF derived from the new sodium chemistry model. The simulation captures the seasonal variability in the sodium number density compared with lidar observations over the CSU site. However, there were discrepancies for the ALO site, which is close to the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) region, indicating that it is challenging for the model to capture the observed sodium over the ALO. The CSU site had significantly more lidar observations (27 930 h) than the ALO site (1872 h). The simulation revealed that the uptake of the sodium species on meteoric smoke particles was a critical factor in determining the sodium concentration in the MLT, with the sodium removal rate by uptake found to be approximately 3 times that of the NaHCO3 dimerization. Overall, the study's findings provide valuable information on the correlation between the MIF and the sodium concentration in the MLT region, contributing to a better understanding of the complex dynamics of this region. This knowledge can inform future research and guide the development of more accurate models to enhance our comprehension of the MLT region's behavior.

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Climatology, Long‐Term Trend and Solar Response of Na Density Based on 28 Years (1990–2017) of Midlatitude Mesopause Na Lidar Observation

Cited by 3 publications

References 45 publications

Seasonal Variation in the Mesospheric Ca Layer and Ca+ Layer Simultaneously Observed over Beijing (40.41°N, 116.01°E)

Seasonal Variation in the Mesospheric Ca Layer and Ca+ Layer Simultaneously Observed over Beijing (40.41°N, 116.01°E)

Long-term changes of sodium column abundance at 24.6°S above the Atacama Desert in Chile

On the relationship between the mesospheric sodium layer and the meteoric input function

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