Clindamycin-Based 3D-Printed and Electrospun Coatings for Treatment of Implant-Related Infections

Abstract

This study presents the development and characterisation of two novel bioactive coatings deposited on TiAlV and AISI 316LVM substrates. The coatings were prepared using 3D printing and electrospinning. The 3D-printed coating consisted of the cellulose nanofibril suspension, alginate, and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), while CMC and polyethylene oxide were used to prepare the electrospun coating. Both coatings were loaded with the antibiotic clindamycin (CLIN), which is a bacteriostatic lincosamide known for its activity against streptococci, staphylococci, pneumococci, Bacteroides species, and other anaerobes. Initial characterisation of the coatings was performed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Furthermore, the contact angle measurements, swelling rate, and biodegradability of the coatings were investigated. The released concentration of CLIN in PBS (pH = 7.4 at 25 °C) was determined by UV-VIS spectrophotometry. The coatings’ biocompatibility was determined using an MTT (3(4,5 dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay using an osteoblast cell culture (hFOB 1.19, ATCC CRL 11372).

Analytical Techniques for the Characterization of Bioactive Coatings for Orthopaedic Implants

“…Using ATR-FTIR, the bioactivity of prepared coatings was confirmed by signals related to PO 4 3 − , indicating apatite, in a study by De Santis et al [ 69 ] after ceria was combined with TNTs and soaked in SBF at 37 °C for 8 days. The technique can also offer information on whether the drug was successfully incorporated into the bioactive coatings and whether it was physically or chemically bound to the coatings [ 32 , 34 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 ]. In a study by Kiran et al [ 87 ], coatings of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibers loaded with HA and rifampicin were electrospun on a Ti substrate.…”

“…Therefore, it can be concluded that the hydrophilicity of implant surfaces can be improved by applying certain types of coatings. The hydrophilicity of metal-based implants has been improved by the application of TNT/nTiO 2 [ 85 ], HA [ 190 ], BG [ 191 ], and various polymers [ 32 , 87 , 192 ]. Nevertheless, although contact angle measurements can provide information on the interactions between the surface and gases or liquids, other techniques should be employed to provide more detailed characterization of chemical properties, as described in the sections above [ 178 ].…”

“…The addition of growth factors and osteoclast inhibitors has a positive effect on the quality of newly formed bone tissue [ 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ], whereas the addition of anticoagulants may reduce the risk of clot formation and improve the blood compatibility of the biomaterials without affecting cell proliferation [ 31 ]. A number of factors influence the kinetics of the drug release, with the selection of an appropriate coating material and coating deposition technique (e.g., 3D printing, electrospinning [ 32 ], electrophoretic deposition [ 30 ], dip coating [ 33 ], drop casting [ 34 ], sol-gel deposition [ 35 ], biomimetic deposition [ 36 ], layer-by-layer deposition (LbL) [ 15 ], anodization [ 37 ], etc.) being particularly important, as they dictate the final shape of the drug delivery system, thus allowing a controlled and prolonged release for up to several months [ 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ].…”

Hybrid 3D Printing of Advanced Hydrogel-Based Wound Dressings with Tailorable Properties

“…The surface morphology and porosity of all final 3D printed scaffolds were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) [37]. Before imaging, all freshly 3D printed scaffolds were frozen at −80 • C, lyophilized, and pressed on a double-sided adhesive carbon tape (SPI Supplies, West Chester, PA, USA).…”

Clindamycin as an Alternative Option in Optimizing Periodontal Therapy

“…Further research is needed to determine whether replacing amoxicillin with clindamycin may improve implant prognosis. Recent research suggests that a new technology, 3D-printed CLIN, allows the stratification of titanium orthopedic implants in a compound that allows the long-term release of clindamycin to prevent postoperative infections [70]. This technology has all the prerequisites to be successfully introduced in oral implants, minimizing the risk of post-operative bacterial contamination and reducing failure rates.…”