“…SEEG electrodes are inserted under general anesthesia, using either a frame-based or a frameless technique. Following the introduction of neuronavigation in the 2000s, various frameless devices were developed or adapted for SEEG electrode implantation to take advantage of its versatility; a double-chuck articulated arm was developed at the MNI 4) and others have adapted various commercially available devices, such as Varioguide (BrainLab AG, Feldkirchen, Germany), 23) Guide Frame DT (Minneapolis, MN, USA), 24) Vertek arm (Medtronics), 25) and microTargeting Epilepsy Platform (FHC Inc., Bowdoin, ME, USA) 26) for the implantation using percutaneous drilling. The advance in robotics technology such as ROSA (Zimmer Biomet, Warsaw, IN, USA), 27,28) NeuroMate (Renishaw, New Mills, UK), 5) iSys1 miniature robotic device (Medtronics) 29) have further enhanced the development of the frameless technique.…”