Clinical Accuracy of Tympanic Thermometer and Noncontact Infrared Skin Thermometer in Pediatric Practice

Apa, Hurşit; Gözmen, Salih; Bayram, Nuri; Çatkoğlu, Asl; Devrim, Fatma; Karaarslan, Utku; Günay, İlker; Ünal, Nurettin; Devrim, İlker

doi:10.1097/pec.0b013e3182a2d419

Cited by 44 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…In common clinical practice, noninvasive methods approximate core temperature indirectly. The traditional method of taking oral temperature with a sublingual mercury-in-glass thermometer has, in recent decades, yielded to new technologies that avoid the potential hazards of broken glass and liquid mercury (Zhen et al, 2014;Apa et al, 2013;Batra and Goyal, 2013;El-Radhi and Patel, 2006;Gasim et al, 2013;Jefferies et al, 2011;Penning et al, 2011). The most sensitive temperature sensors are thermistors, which are semiconductors, the electrical resistance of which varies in proportion to temperature (Bhavaraju et al, 2001).…”

Section: Noninvasive Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous studies have compared the clinical use of rectal, oral, axillary, tympanic membrane, and temporal artery thermometry, with varying and at times conflicting results (Allegaert et al, 2014;Bodkin et al, 2014;Charafeddine et al, 2014;Odinaka et al, 2014;Zhen et al, 2014;Apa et al, 2013;Batra and Goyal, 2013;Gasim et al, 2013;Huggins et al, 2012;Edelu et al, 2011;Penning et al, 2011;Jefferies et al, 2011;El-Radhi and Patel, 2006;Craig et al, 2002;Greenes and Fleisher, 2001). Considering these studies as a whole, it may be concluded that the appropriate choice of method depends on the clinical context, as physiologic conditions vary considerably depending on whether the patient is hyperthermic or hypothermic, the external environment, the rate of thermal change, and the age and medical acuity of the patient.…”

Section: Noninvasive Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Axillary thermometry compares favorably to rectal measurement in newborns (Charafeddine et al, 2014) but is inaccurate in children and adults (El-Radhi and Patel, 2006). Infrared tympanic thermometry provides reasonably accurate estimates of core temperatures in children older than 5 years and adults and is useful in settings where ease and speed of use are important (Gasim et al, 2013;Apa et al, 2013;Edelu et al, 2011;Jefferies et al, 2011;Cabanac et al, 1987). Infrared tympanic thermometry has limited accuracy, however, as it measures the average temperature not only of the tympanic membrane but also the air within the external auditory canal and heat radiated from the inner canal wall.…”

Section: Noninvasive Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermoregulatory disorders and illness related to heat and cold stress

Cheshire

2016

Autonomic Neuroscience

271

184

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Thermoregulation is a vital function of the autonomic nervous system in response to cold and heat stress. Thermoregulatory physiology sustains health by keeping body core temperature within a degree or two of 37°C, which enables normal cellular function. Heat production and dissipation are dependent on a coordinated set of autonomic responses. The clinical detection of thermoregulatory impairment provides important diagnostic and localizing information in the evaluation of disorders that impair thermoregulatory pathways, including autonomic neuropathies and ganglionopathies. Failure of neural thermoregulatory mechanisms or exposure to extreme or sustained temperatures that overwhelm the body's thermoregulatory capacity can also result in potentially life-threatening departures from normothermia. Hypothermia, defined as a core temperature of <35.0°C, may present with shivering, respiratory depression, cardiac dysrhythmias, impaired mental function, mydriasis, hypotension, and muscle dysfunction, which can progress to cardiac arrest or coma. Management includes warming measures, hydration, and cardiovascular support. Deaths from hypothermia are twice as frequent as deaths from hyperthermia. Hyperthermia, defined as a core temperature of >40.5°C, may present with sweating, flushing, tachycardia, fatigue, lightheadedness, headache, and paresthesia, progressing to weakness, muscle cramps, oliguria, nausea, agitation, hypotension, syncope, confusion, delirium, seizures, and coma. Mental status changes and core temperature distinguish potentially fatal heat stroke from heat exhaustion. Management requires the immediate reduction of core temperature. Ice water immersion has been shown to be superior to alternative cooling measures. Avoidance of thermal risk and early recognition of cold or heat stress are the cornerstones of preventive therapy.

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Section: Noninvasive Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Noninvasive Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Noninvasive Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermoregulatory disorders and illness related to heat and cold stress

Cheshire

2016

Autonomic Neuroscience

271

184

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“…3,4 Another study reported 0.2 -0.6˚C differences between axillary and tympanic membrane temperatures. 5 Currently, there are no data nor studies comparing the accuracy of tympanic membrane and axillary temperature to rectal temperature as the gold standard of core body temperature in children and adults. Therefore, we aimed to determine the accuracy of axillary and tympanic membrane temperatures compared to rectal temperature, in feverish children aged 6 months to 5 years who visited the Pediatric Outpatient Clinic, Pediatric Emergency Department, and the inpatient Pediatrics Ward at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Jakarta.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of axillary and tympanic membrane to rectal temperatures in children

Paramita

Karyanti

Soedjatmiko

et al. 2017

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(AUC 0.903 and 0.903, respectively). Conclusion Axillary temperature measurement is as good as tympanic membrane temperature measurement and can be used in daily clinical practice or at home. By increasing the optimum fever cut-off point for axillary and tympanic membrane temperature to 37.8oC, we find sensitivity 81% and 88%, specificity 86% and 73%, PPV 95% and 91%, and NPV 95% and 91%, respectively.

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“…There are many methods and sites for measuring temperature. Each method and sites have their own advantages and disadvantages [4][5][6][7] . Oral and rectal temperatures are the most reliable predictors of core temperature 8,9 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical accuracy of non-contact infrared thermometer from umbilical region in children: A new side

et al. 2016

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Measurement from axillary site with digital thermometer has been accepted as the most accurate method. But this method is time consuming. Tympanic and forehead measurements are often used but don't always seem to be more appropriate. Another site, umbilical region, could be an alternative site. This study aims to compare the measurements with axillary digital thermometer and non-contact infrared thermometers at sites from umbilicus and forehead to determine whether umbilical site could be used accurately in children. For each method, 2,048 measurements in total were performed. Using axillary method as gold standard, with a cut-off temperature of 38 o C, the sensitivities and specificities, positive and negative predictive values of umbilical and forehead temperatures and area under the ROC curve were determined in non obese children. There was a significant positive correlation between axillary and umbilical temperatures with a correlation coefficient of 0.78. The average difference between the mean of both axillary and umbilical temperatures was -0.47 ± 0.65°C. The Bland-Altman plot showed good accuracy with only 2.5 % of the readings falling outside the 95% level of confidence. Umbilical measurements showed sensitivity of 71.7% and specificity of 95.8%. The area under the ROC curve was 0.93.The easy application may lead noncontact measurements from umbilicus site to be the preferable method for health care providers, but agreement limits mentioned in this study should be considered.

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Clinical Accuracy of Tympanic Thermometer and Noncontact Infrared Skin Thermometer in Pediatric Practice

Cited by 44 publications

References 29 publications

Thermoregulatory disorders and illness related to heat and cold stress

Thermoregulatory disorders and illness related to heat and cold stress

A comparison of axillary and tympanic membrane to rectal temperatures in children

Clinical accuracy of non-contact infrared thermometer from umbilical region in children: A new side

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