“…Moreover, another strategy promotes the use of oncolytic adenovirus to exert an anti-tumor ability. As shown in a phase I-II trial with AloCELYVIR, bone-marrow-derived allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells infected with an oncolytic adenovirus (ICOVIR-5) are currently under investigation (NCT04758533) [ 103 ]. Recently, a single-center trial (NCT03178032) was conducted by Gállego Pérez-Larraya and coll.…”
Diffuse midline glioma (DMG) is a heterogeneous group of aggressive pediatric brain tumors with a fatal prognosis. The biological hallmark in the major part of the cases is H3K27 alteration. Prognosis remains poor, with median survival ranging from 9 to 12 months from diagnosis. Clinical and radiological prognostic factors only partially change the progression-free survival but they do not improve the overall survival. Despite efforts, there is currently no curative therapy for DMG. Radiotherapy remains the standard treatment with only transitory benefits. No chemotherapeutic regimens were found to significantly improve the prognosis. In the new era of a deeper integration between histological and molecular findings, potential new approaches are currently under investigation. The entire international scientific community is trying to target DMG on different aspects. The therapeutic strategies involve targeting epigenetic alterations, such as methylation and acetylation status, as well as identifying new molecular pathways that regulate oncogenic proliferation; immunotherapy approaches too are an interesting point of research in the oncology field, and the possibility of driving the immune system against tumor cells has currently been evaluated in several clinical trials, with promising preliminary results. Moreover, thanks to nanotechnology amelioration, the development of innovative delivery approaches to overcross a hostile tumor microenvironment and an almost intact blood–brain barrier could potentially change tumor responses to different treatments. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of available and potential new treatments that are worldwide under investigation, with the intent that patient- and tumor-specific treatment could change the biological inauspicious history of this disease.
“…Moreover, another strategy promotes the use of oncolytic adenovirus to exert an anti-tumor ability. As shown in a phase I-II trial with AloCELYVIR, bone-marrow-derived allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells infected with an oncolytic adenovirus (ICOVIR-5) are currently under investigation (NCT04758533) [ 103 ]. Recently, a single-center trial (NCT03178032) was conducted by Gállego Pérez-Larraya and coll.…”
Diffuse midline glioma (DMG) is a heterogeneous group of aggressive pediatric brain tumors with a fatal prognosis. The biological hallmark in the major part of the cases is H3K27 alteration. Prognosis remains poor, with median survival ranging from 9 to 12 months from diagnosis. Clinical and radiological prognostic factors only partially change the progression-free survival but they do not improve the overall survival. Despite efforts, there is currently no curative therapy for DMG. Radiotherapy remains the standard treatment with only transitory benefits. No chemotherapeutic regimens were found to significantly improve the prognosis. In the new era of a deeper integration between histological and molecular findings, potential new approaches are currently under investigation. The entire international scientific community is trying to target DMG on different aspects. The therapeutic strategies involve targeting epigenetic alterations, such as methylation and acetylation status, as well as identifying new molecular pathways that regulate oncogenic proliferation; immunotherapy approaches too are an interesting point of research in the oncology field, and the possibility of driving the immune system against tumor cells has currently been evaluated in several clinical trials, with promising preliminary results. Moreover, thanks to nanotechnology amelioration, the development of innovative delivery approaches to overcross a hostile tumor microenvironment and an almost intact blood–brain barrier could potentially change tumor responses to different treatments. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of available and potential new treatments that are worldwide under investigation, with the intent that patient- and tumor-specific treatment could change the biological inauspicious history of this disease.
“… 57 Subsequent OV-mediated cytolysis is dependent upon 1) viral entry into cancer cells, 2) viral replication within the tumor, and 3) the secondary immune response to the virus, a coordinated series of events that underlies both the safety and efficacy of OVs ( Figure 3 ). 56 , 58 Figure 3. Mechanisms of DMG targeting by immunovirotherapy.…”
Diffuse midline gliomas (DMG) are a highly aggressive and universally fatal subgroup of pediatric tumors responsible for the majority of childhood brain tumor deaths. Median overall survival is less than 12 months with a 90% mortality rate at 2 years from diagnosis. Research into the underlying tumor biology and numerous clinical trials have done little to change the invariably poor prognosis. Continued development of novel, efficacious therapeutic options for DMGs remains a critically important area of active investigation. Given that DMGs are not amenable to surgical resection, have only limited response to radiation, and are refractory to traditional chemotherapy, immunotherapy has emerged as a promising alternative treatment modality. This review summarizes the various immunotherapy-based treatments for DMG as well as their specific limitations. We explore the use of cell-based therapies, oncolytic virotherapy or immunovirotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibition, and immunomodulatory vaccination strategies, and highlight the recent clinical success of anti-GD2 CAR-T therapy in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) patients. Finally, we address the challenges faced in translating preclinical and early phase clinical trial data into effective standardized treatment for DMG patients.
“…The first type is called primary tumors that begin in the brain, while the second type is metastatic tumors that spread to the brain from other parts of the body. Some of these tumors are benign, non-cancerous tumors, while others are malignant tumors, which are cancerous tumors [4][5][6]. These tumors vary according to their symptoms, size, and type.…”
Brain tumors are among the most dangerous diseases that lead to mortality after a period of time from injury. Therefore, physicians and healthcare professionals are advised to make an early diagnosis of brain tumors and follow their instructions. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is operated to provide sufficient and practical data in detecting brain tumors. Applications based on artificial intelligence contribute a very large role in disease detection, provide incredible accuracy and assist in creating the right decisions. In particular, deep learning models, which are a significant part of artificial intelligence, have the ability to diagnose and process medical image datasets. In this concern, one of the deep learning techniques (MobileNetV1model) is utilized to detect brain disease from 1265 images gathered from the Kaggle platform. The behavior of this model is studied through four main metrics. This article deduced that this model has a significant effect in diagnosing these images from the most important metric, which is accuracy, as it gained an accuracy result of more than 97%, which is an excellent effect.
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