Clinical and biological risk factors associated with inflammation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Abstract

Background Chronic inflammation has been associated with insulin resistance and related metabolic dysregulation, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Several non modifiable (i.e. genetic predisposition) and modifiable (i.e. sedentary lifestyle, energy-dense food) risk factors were suggested to explain the mechanisms involved in the development of inflammation, but are difficult to assess in clinical routine. The present study aimed to identify easy to asses clinical and biological risk factors associated with inflammation in patients with T2DM. Methods One hundred nine patients (51 men, 58 women), 28–60 years old, from seven primary healthcare centers in Gaza City, Palestine, took part to the cross-sectional study (November 2013–May 2014). Study participants had T2DM with no history of inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular diseases, medication and/or any health condition that might affect the inflammatory markers, interleukin 6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP). Inflammation was defined for IL-6 ≥ 2 pg/mL and CRP ≥ 6 mg/L. Multivariable logistic regressions were used to identify the relationship between inflammation and clinical and biological risk factors. Results After adjustment for age and gender, inflammation seems to increase with increased body mass index (BMI) (OR: 1.427 [1.055–1.931]), increased fasting blood glucose (OR: 1.029 [1.007–1.052]) and decreased adiponectin values (OR: 0.571 [0.361–0.903]). There were also significant relationships between inflammation and BMI (OR: 1.432 [1.042–1.968]), fasting blood glucose (OR: 1.029 [1.006–1.052]) and adiponectin (OR: 0.569 [0.359–0.902]), after adjustment for smoking habits and physical activity. Conclusion Managing obesity and associated complications (i.e. hyperglycemia, high adiponectin levels) might help decreasing inflammation in individuals with T2DM.

Mechanisms and Effect of Increased Physical Activity on General and Abdominal Obesity and Associated Metabolic Risk Factors in a Community with Very High Rates of General and Abdominal Obesity

“…There is, however, evidence of an association between physical inactivity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, with some estimated 6–10% of all types of type 2 diabetes attributed to physical inactivity [ 20 ]. A recent study on clinical and biological factors, including physical activity associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes, has reported increased inflammation with increasing body mass index, fasting blood glucose and decreased adiponectin [ 21 ]. A number of inflammatory cytokines secreted by visceral fat have been implicated in obesity-related complications [ 22 ].…”

Immunomodulatory activities and biomedical applications of melittin and its recent advances

“…[127] Many studies have described the role of inflammation in diabetes. [128][129][130][131] MLT reduces blood glucose levels by suppression of β-cell inflammation. [132] Mousavi et al believed that major ingredients of BV, MLT, reduce inflammation of islets of langerhans and motivate them to secret insulin.…”

Identifying obesity subtypes: A review of studies utilising clinical biomarkers and genetic data

“…This includes early intervention for those at higher risk and the provision of tailored treatments addressing underlying factors driving both obesity and type 2 diabetes, such as insulin resistance or inflammation. 44,45…”

“…The identification of obesity subtypes can also offer a more nuanced strategy for managing conditions like type 2 diabetes. This includes early intervention for those at higher risk and the provision of tailored treatments addressing underlying factors driving both obesity and type 2 diabetes, such as insulin resistance or inflammation 44,45 …”