Clinical and diagnostic utility of saliva as a non-invasive diagnostic fluid: a systematic review

Nunes, Lázaro Alessandro Soares; Mussavira, Sayeeda; Sukumaran, Bindhu Omana

doi:10.11613/bm.2015.018

Cited by 246 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 84 publications

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“…Some studies reported differently [11, 12]. We are aware of the reviews looking at the usefulness of salivary glucose to monitor glycaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus [13] or non-specified diabetes mellitus [14, 15]. Although all forms of diabetes mellitus are characterised by hyperglycaemia, their aetiology and pathogenesis vary.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary glucose in monitoring glycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review

Naing

Mak

2017

J Diabetes Metab Disord

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BackgroundIncidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus is increasing worldwide. Monitoring glycaemia is essential for control of diabetes mellitus. Conventional blood-based measurement of glucose requires venepuncture or needle prick, which is not free from pain and risk of infection. The non-invasiveness, ease and low-cost in collection made saliva an attractive alternative sample. The objective of this review was to systematically review the evidence on the relationship between salivary glucose level and blood glucose level in monitoring glycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.MethodsWe searched studies which evaluate salivary glucose levels and serum glycaemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus in electronic databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Ovid and Google Scholar. We selected the eligible studies, following the inclusion criteria set for this review. Due to heterogeneity of studies, we conducted qualitative synthesis of studies.ResultsTen observational studies were included in this review, including a total of 321 cases and 323 controls with ages between 3 and 61 years and the majority were males (62%). Two studies were done exclusively on children below 17 years old. The significant difference between salivary glucose levels in type 1 diabetes mellitus and controls were reported in 6 studies with 8 data sets. Five studies with 7 datasets reported the correlation coefficient between salivary glucose and blood glucose in patients with diabetes.ConclusionsFindings suggest that salivary glucose concentrations may be helpful in monitoring glycaemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus. However, the utility of using salivary glucose level to monitor glycaemia should be evaluated in future well designed, prospective studies with adequate number of participants with type 1 diabetes mellitus.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s40200-017-0287-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary glucose in monitoring glycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review

Naing

Mak

2017

J Diabetes Metab Disord

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“…The collection of these fluids presents the valuable advantage of being non-invasive (urine, saliva, sweat, tears…) or minimally invasive (blood), allowing for multiple collections and the collection of meaningful amounts for the analyses to be performed. On the other hand, these fluids also present challenges, such as the extremely high dynamic range of plasma or serum, where a dozen of proteins represent more than 90% of the protein content; the more laborious procedure to obtain pure blood cell specimens [81]; or the still not standardized collection of fluids like saliva, sweat or tears [82][83][84].…”

Section: Biomarker Discovery In Peripheral Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Circulating biomarkers in schizophrenia: a proteomics perspective

Santa¹,

Coelho²,

Madeira³

et al. 2017

IJCNMH

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Schizophrenia (SCZ) is one of the most severe and devastating major mental disorders, with an onset typically in late adolescence or early adulthood affecting about 0.5-1.2% of the population worldwide. It is one of the most debilitating medical conditions, with striking socio-economic burden to society due to lost employment and social support that largely surpass direct costs of treatment. SCZ is listed by the World Health Organization (WHO) among the top 20 leading causes of disability worldwide. Its diagnosis is syndromic, based in clinical interviewing and anamnesis, as there is to date no biochemical test to aid in this diagnosis. On the other hand, SCZ treatment is mostly based in antipsychotic drugs which are in several aspects somehow ineffective, and some of these medications have low tolerability with severe side effects. For all these reasons, the current search for new panels of biomarkers is of the utmost importance to aid in the correct diagnosis and stratification of the patients, prognosis, and prediction of treatment effectiveness.In this review, a total of 25 publications on peripheral SCZ biomarkers are presented from proteomics studies performed in body fluids of patients searching for protein markers, and using mass spectrometry. To date such proteomics studies have already been achieved in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), serum, plasma, peripheral blood cells (namely, mononuclear cells, T-cells and red blood cells), saliva, and sweat, being of paramount importance in the schizophrenia research field, but still lacking validation and clinical translation.In summary, a general overview of the results from these 25 studies, as well as the challenges and future perspectives of the field, are presented and discussed.

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“…The main functions of saliva are: maintenance of the mucosa, involvement in chewing, mineralization of teeth, control of microorganisms, taste perception and digestion [64]. The flow rate of saliva varies from zero to several millilitres per minute, depending on the emotional state and stimulation [65]. Nasal mucus is a gelatinous fluid produced by mucous membranes in the nasal passages.…”

Section: (B) Saliva and Nasal Mucusmentioning

confidence: 99%