Clinical and Environmental Distributions of
            <i>Legionella</i>
            Strains in France Are Different

Doleans, Anne; Aurell, Helena; Reyrolle, M.; Lina, Gérard; Freney, J.; Vandenesch, François; Etienne, Jérôme; Jarraud, Sophie

doi:10.1128/jcm.42.1.458-460.2004

Cited by 172 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The phylogenetic inference of mip gene sequences showed three different serogroup clusters related to L. pneumophila isolates from man-made systems, suggesting that these isolates are well adapted to environmental survival. These data are in accordance with previous reports in others regions around the world, where limited genetic variability of environmental isolates of L. pneumophila in the water systems and the prevalence of one genotype of this bacterium in a large proportion of man-made aquatic environments were reported (7,11,12,24,34,47). Although Legionella species other than L. pneumophila may occur in man-made systems, one explanation for the apparent spread of L. pneumophila observed in this The species L. gormanii (ATCC 33297) was used as outgroup.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Detection of Legionella pneumophila in water and biofilm samples by culture and molecular methods from man-made systems in São Paulo - Brazil

Carvalho

Foronda

Pellizari³

2007

Braz. J. Microbiol.

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Legionella pneumophila is a pathogenic bacteria associated to aquatic habitat of natural and artificial environments. Clinical cases of legionellosis have been reported in Brazil but there is a lack of information about the incidence and concentration of this bacterium in environmental sources. Thus, the present study was designed to evaluate the occurrence of legionellae in São Paulo city, Brazil, using different methods of detection and identification. Sixty-seven water and biofilm samples from natural reservoirs and man-made systems were collected and analyzed for the presence of Legionella spp by culturing onto a selective medium, coculture in axenic free-living amoebae and direct fluorescent antibody (DFA) assay. Results showed that freshwater of reservoirs did not contain legionellae, Legionella pneumophila was isolated from man-made systems, with predominance of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 strains. Although there was no statistical difference among the proposed detection methods, the plate culture method yielded a higher number of L. pneumophila positive samples, followed by amoebic coculture procedure and direct fluorescent antibody assay. Results of PCR and sequencing reactions revealed that application of macrophage infectivity potentiator gene as a molecular marker was an important tool for the identification of environmental isolates of L. pneumophila. The agreement among the three detection methods-when all methods yielded similar results-and the prevalence of a single Legionella species in the sampled man-made systems could suggest that the occurrence of this bacterium had been influenced by the higher concentration of metallic ions dissociated in water of those systems than in natural reservoirs. Thus, the results of this study revealed that the water of man-made systems in Sao Paulo may serve as a reservoir for L. pneumophila and other microorganism, including free-living protozoans.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Detection of Legionella pneumophila in water and biofilm samples by culture and molecular methods from man-made systems in São Paulo - Brazil

Carvalho

Foronda

Pellizari³

2007

Braz. J. Microbiol.

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“…Little is known about the distribution of Legionella species and serogroups in the environment. A recent study investigating 259 clinical and 3128 environmental strains isolated in France from 2001 to 2002 showed that L. pneumophila Sg1 accounts for 28.2% of environmental Legionella in contrast to 95.4% among clinical isolates (Doleans et al 2004). Thus, the distribution of environmental L. pneumophila Sg1 differs significantly from the distribution of clinical L. pneumophila Sg1 strains.…”

mentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Thus, the distribution of environmental L. pneumophila Sg1 differs significantly from the distribution of clinical L. pneumophila Sg1 strains. Furthermore, species like Legionella anisa, Legionella dumofii, or Legionella feeleii relatively frequently colonize water distribution systems but are rarely implicated in human disease (Muder and Yu 2002;Yu et al 2002;Doleans et al 2004). From these reports one can hypothesize that the high percentage of L. pneumophila Sg1 strains in human disease is not due to predominance in the environment, but rather connected with higher virulence of these strains for humans.…”

mentioning

confidence: 92%

Multigenome analysis identifies a worldwide distributed epidemic Legionella pneumophila clone that emerged within a highly diverse species

Cazalet¹,

Jarraud²,

Ghavi-Helm³

et al. 2008

Genome Res.

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157

174

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Genomics can provide the basis for understanding the evolution of emerging, lethal human pathogens such as Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease. This bacterium replicates within amoebae and persists in the environment as a free-living microbe. Among the many Legionella species described, L. pneumophila is associated with 90% of human disease and within the 15 serogroups (Sg), L. pneumophila Sg1 causes over 84% of Legionnaires’ disease worldwide. Why L. pneumophila Sg1 is so predominant is unknown. Here, we report the first comprehensive screen of the gene content of 217 L. pneumophila and 32 non-L. pneumophila strains isolated from humans and the environment using a Legionella DNA-array. Strikingly, we uncovered a high conservation of virulence- and eukaryotic-like genes, indicating strong environmental selection pressures for their preservation. No specific hybridization profile differentiated clinical and environmental strains or strains of different serogroups. Surprisingly, the gene cluster coding the determinants of the core and the O side-chain synthesis of the lipopolysaccaride (LPS cluster) determining Sg1 was present in diverse genomic backgrounds, strongly implicating the LPS of Sg1 itself as a principal cause of the high prevalence of Sg1 strains in human disease and suggesting that the LPS cluster can be transferred horizontally. Genomic analysis also revealed that L. pneumophila is a genetically diverse species, in part due to horizontal gene transfer of mobile genetic elements among L. pneumophila strains, but also between different Legionella species. However, the genomic background also plays a role in disease causation as demonstrated by the identification of a globally distributed epidemic strain exhibiting the genotype of the sequenced L. pneumophila strain Paris.

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“…Up to now, only 20 species have been associated with human disease, and Legionella pneumophila appears responsible for more than 90 % of reported cases of Legionnaires' disease [9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of Legionella spp. in Environmental Water Samples by ScanVIT-Legionella™ Method in Spain

Grúas

Alvarez²,

Lara

et al. 2013

Indian J Microbiol

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Rapid and more sensitive methods for the detection and quantification of viable Legionella cells have been developed. In this paper, a comparative analysis of environmental water samples using the ScanVIT-Legionella TM method and the traditional ''gold standard'' method of culturing is realised indicating the usefulness of the ScanVIT method. The ScanVIT-Legionella TM method was performed on environmental water samples from different locations of Huesca region (Spain). Legionella micro-colonies should appear green colour and Legionella pneumophila micro-colonies appear red. Twenty-one environmental water samples analysed by standard culture plus five control samples (Two sterile water samples with Legionella as positive controls and three sterile water samples as negative controls). All of them were used to apply ScanVIT-Legionella TM method. From of 21 environmental samples eleven were positive, six negative with both methods and four samples were negative for culture method and positive for ScanVIT-Legionella TM method. The positive control samples were positive and the negative were negative for both methods. A comparative analysis of the results obtained with two methods showed a strong positive determination coefficient (R 2 = 0.99753). The results demonstrate the usefulness of the ScanVITLegionella TM method as a rapid diagnostic tool in order to provide a diagnosis as quick as possible. ScanVITLegionella TM method offers a series of advantages such as quickly diagnosis, higher sensitivity and the possibility to identify Legionella spp. and L. pneumophila simultaneously.

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Clinical and Environmental Distributions of Legionella Strains in France Are Different

Cited by 172 publications

References 14 publications

Detection of Legionella pneumophila in water and biofilm samples by culture and molecular methods from man-made systems in São Paulo - Brazil

Detection of Legionella pneumophila in water and biofilm samples by culture and molecular methods from man-made systems in São Paulo - Brazil

Multigenome analysis identifies a worldwide distributed epidemic Legionella pneumophila clone that emerged within a highly diverse species

Identification of Legionella spp. in Environmental Water Samples by ScanVIT-Legionella™ Method in Spain

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