Clinical and Epidemiologic Principles of Anthrax

Cieslak, Theodore J.; Eitzen, Edward M.

doi:10.3201/eid0504.990418

Cited by 115 publications

(91 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Recently, bioterrorism simulations have emphasized the need to develop counteragents to highly infectious diseases such as small pox [14]. Thus, for every year the drug development process can be shortened, the result will yield savings both in cost and in lives.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Public grid computing participation: An exploratory study of determinants

Taylor

2007

Information & Management

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Using the Internet, "public" computing grids can be assembled using "volunteered" PCs. To achieve this, volunteers download and install a software application capable of sensing periods of low local processor activity. During such times, this program on the local PC downloads and processes a subset of the project's data. At the completion of processing, the results are uploaded to the project and the cycle repeats.Public grids are being used for a wide range of endeavors, from searching for signals suggesting extraterrestrial life to finding a cure for cancer. Despite the potential benefits, however, participation has been relatively low. The work reported here, drawing from technology acceptance and volunteer literature, suggests that the grid operator's reputation, the project's perceived need, and level of volunteering activity of the PC owner are significant determinants of participation in grid projects. Attitude, in addition to personal innovativeness and level of volunteering activity, predicted intentions to join the project. Thus, methods traditionally used for motivating volunteer behavior may be effective in promoting the use of grid computing.

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confidence: 99%

Public grid computing participation: An exploratory study of determinants

Taylor

2007

Information & Management

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“…A variety of methods are in practice for detection of anthrax bacteria/spores like polymerase chain reaction (PCR) 13 , enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) 14 , and immunofluorescence assay 15 . As low as 1-1000 spores have been detected by these methods which is the acceptable limit of detection 16 . H o w ev e r, t h e d e t e ct i o n o f s p o r e s f r o m environmental samples is difficult and fluorescence microscopy coupled with pre-concentration has been proved as a fast, easy, and specific method 15 .…”

Section: Burkholderia Mallei Low 50-100mentioning

confidence: 87%

Biological Warfare Agents

Kamboj¹,

Goel²,

Singh³

2006

DSJ

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There is a long historic record of use of biological warfare (BW) agents by warring countries against their enemies. However, the frequency of their use has increased since the beginning of the twentieth century. World war I witnessed the use of anthrax agent against human beings and animals by Germans, followed by large-scale field trials by Japanese against war prisoners and Chinese population during world war II. Ironically, research and development in biological warfare agents increased tremendously after the Geneva Protocol, signed in 1925, because of its drawbacks which were overcome by Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BTWC) in 1972. Biological warfare programme took back seat after the 1972 convention but biological agents regained their importance after the bioterrorist attacks of anthrax powder in 2001. In the light of these attacks, many of which turned out to be hoax, general awareness is required about biological warfare agents that can be used against them. This review has been written highlighting important biological warfare agents, diseases caused by them, possible therapies and other protection measures.

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“…Exposure to aerosolized B. anthracis spores could result in inhalational anthrax, a disease that approaches nearly universal mortality if left untreated [4]. The farreaching implication of bioterrorism involving anthrax in the US was demonstrated by delivery of B. anthracis spores through the mail, resulting in over 1000 individuals being considered at risk of exposure [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

<i>Bacillus pumilus</i>: Possible Model for the Bioweapon <i>Bacillus anthracis</i>

Murphy¹,

Holmes²,

Wright³

2012

AiM

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The misuse of Bacillus anthracis as a bioweapon continues to be a serious concern. Medical personnel and researchers are served well if appropriate non-pathogenic anthrax simulants can be used as countermeasures in preparative planning. While there are several accepted simulants of B. anthracis, the addition of another model organism would be beneficial. This investigation was undertaken to evaluate the suitability of B. pumilus as a simulant for B. anthracis. All organisms were grown on AK Agar #2 to foster sporulation. Optimum conditions for spore formation were determined for B. pumilus as well as for currently used anthrax surrogates B. atrophaeus and B. thuringiensis. Spore dimensions were determined by scanning electron microscopy. Comparative antibody binding studies using commercially available anti-Bacillus antisera were completed with the simulants as well as with a negative control organism, Clostridium sporogenes. We report that B. pumilus sporulated readily (2.9 × 10 10 viable spores per plate), had appropriate spore size (1.24 μm × 0.59 μm) and reactivity with anti-Bacillus antibodies. The characteristics of B. pumilus determined in this study suggest this organism represents a novel, suitable model for B. anthracis.

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Clinical and Epidemiologic Principles of Anthrax

Cited by 115 publications

References 7 publications

Public grid computing participation: An exploratory study of determinants

Public grid computing participation: An exploratory study of determinants

Biological Warfare Agents

<i>Bacillus pumilus</i>: Possible Model for the Bioweapon <i>Bacillus anthracis</i>

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Clinical and Epidemiologic Principles of Anthrax

Cited by 115 publications

References 7 publications

Public grid computing participation: An exploratory study of determinants

Public grid computing participation: An exploratory study of determinants

Biological Warfare Agents

&lt;i&gt;Bacillus pumilus&lt;/i&gt;: Possible Model for the Bioweapon &lt;i&gt;Bacillus anthracis&lt;/i&gt;

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<i>Bacillus pumilus</i>: Possible Model for the Bioweapon <i>Bacillus anthracis</i>