Clinical and experimental evaluation of an augmented reality system in cranio-maxillofacial surgery

A Projector-Based Augmented Reality Navigation System for Computer-Assisted Surgery

“…Furthermore, if the AR system is broken, the user may not be able to see the real environment, which could cause danger in the surgery. In 2005, Mischkowski et al used a tracked portable screen with a digital camera on its backside to implement the video-through AR in cranio-maxillofacial surgery [ 16 ], and the surgeon holds the screen to carry out the surgery, yet it is still difficult for the surgeon to conduct the surgery only seeing the video, with no real environment.…”

Dex-Ray

“…When moved over the surgical field the screen displays the video stream and superimposed 3D graphical objects derived from CT or MRI. Their initial clinical experiences suggest that this technology is helpful to guide maxillary translocation especially in nonlinear complex cases [30,31]. Also in the field of maxillo-facial surgery an interesting AR method has been pursued by Marmulla et al by projecting planned osteotomy lines directly onto the patient's skin [28].…”

“…Positioning a small camera into a hand held pointer and allowing the tip of the pointer to be in line of sight of the camera allows the superimposition of 3D graphics in context to the surgical scene and provides the user with a good sense of the camera's pointing direction. At the same time the probe's compact design does not obstructs the surgeon's view to the surgical site as it is the case in systems which position a semi-transparent mirror [7,8] or an LCD screen [30,31] over the surgical site. Since the DEX-Ray video stream is monoscopic it is difficult for the user to perceive the depth of the overlaid graphics, which is in fact a common problem of all monoscopic Augmented Reality systems [42].…”

Evolution and Trends in Reconstructive Facial Surgery: An Update

“…Currently, images generated by 3D-rendition of the craniofacial complex are employed in a wide array of applications, including; (i) diagnosis and evaluation of extent of lesion [12,15], (ii) analysis of facial asymmetry [15,16], (iii) rapid prototyping for stereolithographic modeling [17], (iv) fabrication of customized implantable devices [18,19], (v) preoperative virtual surgery [5,9], (vi) generation and transfer of data for intraoperative navigation [20][21][22], (vii) presurgical assessment of potential recipient vessels for microvascular anastomosis near a resection site using 3D-CT angiogram [3], (viii) interactive discussion with patients for better understanding of the extent of disease and proposed surgery [10], and (ix) training of surgical residents in an educational environment [10]. By these applications, the surgeon is able to visualize the pathology in its entirety, assess its influence on the surrounding anatomy, determine the feasibility of resection, and concurrently plan the reconstruction of a defect.…”