2020
DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00395
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Clinical and Imaging Markers of Prodromal Parkinson's Disease

Abstract: The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) relies on the clinical effects of dopamine deficiency, including bradykinesia, rigidity and tremor, usually manifesting asymmetrically. Misdiagnosis is common, due to overlap of symptoms with other neurodegenerative disorders such as multiple system atrophy and progressive supranuclear palsy, and only autopsy can definitively confirm the disease. Motor deficits generally appear when 50-60% of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra are already lost, limiting the e… Show more

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Cited by 101 publications
(79 citation statements)
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References 109 publications
(198 reference statements)
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“…Moreover, our current results support the DA hypothesis of BPD, which has been a key theory of the pathogenesis of the manic phase of BPD for over four decades [30]. Hypoactivity of the dopamine system is thought to be related to many psychiatric disorders [30,[47][48][49], such as the depression phase of BPD, major depression, negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease. Schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease are associated with SNPs of DGKH by GWASs, in addition to BPD (https://www.gwascentra l.org).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 83%
“…Moreover, our current results support the DA hypothesis of BPD, which has been a key theory of the pathogenesis of the manic phase of BPD for over four decades [30]. Hypoactivity of the dopamine system is thought to be related to many psychiatric disorders [30,[47][48][49], such as the depression phase of BPD, major depression, negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and Parkinson's disease. Schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease are associated with SNPs of DGKH by GWASs, in addition to BPD (https://www.gwascentra l.org).…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 83%
“…Olfactory deficits have been previously reported for several viral infections, 12,134 and are characteristic of neurodegenerative disorders. [135][136][137][138][139] Notably, anosmia is linked to high levels of interleukin-6, an inflammatory mediator causally involved in brain disorders whose actions are blocked by tocilizumab as part of COVID-19 treatment. 140 Systematic reviews 141,142 and meta-analysis data 143,144 have firmly established incident and prevalent stroke as independent risk factors of dementia.…”
Section: Implications For Neuropsychiatric Disordersmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Laterality of disease onset is determined by neurologic exam and it is only possible to make these clinical determinations for the PD patients who show motor impairment. Controls and RBD subjects show no lateralized movement impairments, and in the absence of measurements from a gold-standard imaging technique like DaTscan ( 72 ) to quantify hemispheric differences in dopamine transporter levels, any lateralized functional connectivity differences in the present study should be interpreted with caution or not be interpreted at all without additional imaging evidence.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 86%