Clinical and Imaging Profile of Patients with Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis – a Video Case Series from India

Abstract

Background: Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by bi-allelic pathogenic variants in CYP27A1 gene that results in the deposition of cholestanol in the eyes, tendons, soft tissues and nervous system leading to cataracts, xanthomas, and various neuropsychiatric manifestations. The aim of our study is to describe the clinical, radiological and genetic profile of patients with CTX. Methods: This is a retrospective chart review of patients with CTX diagnosed based on classical clinical and radiological findings. The available clinical details, and investigations, including imaging, electrophysiological, pathological and genetic data, were documented. Results: Five patients (4 males) were recruited in the study. The median age at presentation was 32 years (range: 21–66 years). Walking difficulty was the most common symptom at presentation. All patients had cataracts, tendon xanthomas, eye movement abnormalities, dysarthria, pyramidal signs, ataxia and gait abnormality. Dystonia was noted in three patients. Palatal tremor and parkinsonism were noted in one patient each. In MRI brain, dentate, and corticospinal tract involvement were the most frequent imaging findings. Bilateral hypertrophic olivary degeneration was noted in one patient and hot cross bun sign in two. Three patients underwent genetic testing and all had pathogenic variants confirming the diagnosis. Discussion: CTX is a rare treatable disorder. Apart from the usual neurological presentation with spastic-ataxia, it can present at a later age with parkinsonism. Typical patterns of imaging findings are helpful in early diagnosis which aids in the treatment to prevent the neurological sequelae of the disease.