Clinical and laboratory alterations in horses during immunization with snake venoms for the production of polyvalent (Crotalinae) antivenom

Angulo, Yamileth; Estrada, Ricardo; Gutiérrez, José Marı́a

doi:10.1016/s0041-0101(96)00077-3

Cited by 99 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…They may act either as an anticoagulant or procoagulant enzyme (28). Hyperimmunization with crude venoms can cause serious side effects that can lead to death (34). The calculated 24-hour LD 50 value allowed us to choose suitable quantities of venom to successfully immunize animals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Determination of in vivo toxicity and in vitro cytotoxicity of venom from the Cypriot blunt-nosed viper Macrovipera lebetina lebetina and antivenom production

Nalbantsoy¹,

Karabay-Yavasoglu²,

Sayim³

et al. 2012

J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis

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Abstract:The venomous Levantine viper, Macrovipera lebetina lebetina is endemic to Cyprus. The objective of this study was to investigate in vitro cytotoxicity, in vivo lethality, and antivenom production followed by a re-immunization schedule in mice against Macrovipera lebetina lebetina venom. The LD 50 value was estimated as 7.58mg/kg within 24 hours by different venom doses administrated intraperitoneally in mice. Freund's complete and incomplete adjuvants were used for first and second immunization of mice in antivenom production. A cell-based assay was performed to determine the effects of Macrovipera lebetina lebetina venom and antivenom neutralizing potency on L929 cell viability. The snake venom toxicity and cytotoxicity were examined and comparison of results showed good correlation, the LD 50 value was tenfold higher than the IC 50 value. The IC 50 value was 0.62 ± 0.18 µg/mL after 48 hours treatment while the calculated value was 1.62 ± 0.25 µg/mL for the culture media totally refreshed after two hours treatment with venom. The in vitro efficacy of antivenom against Macrovipera lebetina lebetina venom was found to be low. This is the first report that describes the in vivo and in vitro toxic effects of Macrovipera lebetina lebetina venom and antivenom production against this species.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since snake venoms are complex mixtures of peptides, proteins, and enzymes, several different types of antibodies are needed to neutralize these toxic substances (29,34,43,44). We also investigated the ability of the antivenom to neutralize the in vitro cytotoxicity caused by the venom.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of in vivo toxicity and in vitro cytotoxicity of venom from the Cypriot blunt-nosed viper Macrovipera lebetina lebetina and antivenom production

Nalbantsoy¹,

Karabay-Yavasoglu²,

Sayim³

et al. 2012

J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis

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“…Rabbit antibodies raised against BaspPLA 2 -II, together with previously obtained rabbit antibodies to B. asper myotoxin I [35], and the equine polyvalent (Crotalinae) antivenom produced at Instituto Clodomiro Picado [36] were utilized to analyze the immunochemical relationships between the acidic and basic PLA 2 s of B. asper. Antibody characterization was performed by double immunodiffusion in gel, enzyme-immunoassay (EIA), and immunoblotting.…”

Section: Immunochemical Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation of an acidic phospholipase A2 from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper of Costa Rica: Biochemical and toxicological characterization☆

et al. 2010

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a b s t r a c tPhospholipases A 2 (PLA 2 ) are major components of snake venoms, exerting a variety of relevant toxic actions such as neurotoxicity and myotoxicity, among others. Since the majority of toxic PLA 2 s are basic proteins, acidic isoforms and their possible roles in venoms are less understood. In this study, an acidic enzyme (BaspPLA 2 -II) was isolated from the venom of Bothrops asper (Pacific region of Costa Rica) and characterized. BaspPLA 2 -II is monomeric, with a mass of 14,212 AE 6 Da and a pI of 4.9. Its complete sequence of 124 amino acids was deduced through cDNA and protein sequencing, showing that it belongs to the Asp49 group of catalytically active enzymes. In vivo and in vitro assays demonstrated that BaspPLA 2 -II, in contrast to the basic Asp49 counterparts present in the same venom, lacks myotoxic, cytotoxic, and anticoagulant activities. BaspPLA 2 -II also differed from other acidic PLA 2 s described in Bothrops spp. venoms, as it did not show hypotensive and anti-platelet aggregation activities. Furthermore, this enzyme was not lethal to mice at intravenous doses up to 100 mg (5.9 mg/g), indicating its lack of neurotoxic activity. The only toxic effect recorded in vivo was a moderate induction of local edema. Therefore, the toxicological characteristics of BaspPLA 2 -II suggest that it does not play a key role in the pathophysiology of envenomings by B. asper, and that its purpose might be restricted to digestive functions. Immunochemical analyses using antibodies raised against BaspPLA 2 -II revealed that acidic and basic PLA 2 s form two different antigenic groups in B. asper venom.

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“…They are characterized by intense local reactions followed by necroses, fistulas, and hemorrhages (22), culminating in the removal of these animals from the production line. According to Angulo et al (2), there are few works on clinical and physiological alterations in animals immunized for antivenom production.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological assessment of mice hyperimmunized with native and Cobalt-60-irradiated Bothrops venoms

Ferreira¹,

Nascimento²,

Martı́nez

et al. 2005

J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis

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ELISA was used to evaluate, accompany, and compare the humoral immune response of Swiss mice during hyperimmunization with native and Cobalt-60-irradiated ( 60 Co) venoms of Bothrops jararaca, Bothrops jararacussu and Bothrops moojeni. Potency and neutralization were evaluated by in vitro challenges. After hyperimmunization, immunity was observed by in vivo challenge, and the side effects were assessed. The animals immunization with one LD 50 of each venom occurred on days 1, 15, 21, 30, and 45, when blood samples were collected; challenges happened on the 60 th day. Results showed that ELISA was efficient in evaluating, accompanying and comparing mouse immune response during hyperimmunization. Serum titers produced with natural venom were similar to those produced with irradiated venom. Immunogenic capacity was maintained after 60 Coirradiation. The sera produced with native venom showed neutralizing potency and capacity similar to those of the sera produced with irradiated venom. All antibodies were able to neutralize five LD 50 from these venoms. Clinical alterations were minimum during hyperimmunization with irradiated venom, however, necrosis and death occurred in animals inoculated with native venom.

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Clinical and laboratory alterations in horses during immunization with snake venoms for the production of polyvalent (Crotalinae) antivenom

Cited by 99 publications

References 11 publications

Determination of in vivo toxicity and in vitro cytotoxicity of venom from the Cypriot blunt-nosed viper Macrovipera lebetina lebetina and antivenom production

Determination of in vivo toxicity and in vitro cytotoxicity of venom from the Cypriot blunt-nosed viper Macrovipera lebetina lebetina and antivenom production

Isolation of an acidic phospholipase A2 from the venom of the snake Bothrops asper of Costa Rica: Biochemical and toxicological characterization☆

Immunological assessment of mice hyperimmunized with native and Cobalt-60-irradiated Bothrops venoms

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