Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Human Parainfluenza Viruses 1–4 in Children from Viet Nam

Abstract

HPIVs are serologically and genetically grouped into four species that account for up to 10% of all hospitalizations due to acute respiratory infection in children under the age of five. Genetic and epidemiological data for the four HPIVs derived from two pediatric cohorts in Viet Nam are presented. Respiratory samples were screened for HPIV1–4 by real-time PCR. Demographic and clinical data of patients infected with different HPIV were compared. We used a hemi-nested PCR approach to generate viral genome sequences from HPIV-positive samples and conducted a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis. In total, 170 samples tested positive for HPIV. HPIV3 was most commonly detected in our cohort and 80 co-detections of HPIV with other respiratory viruses were found. Phylogenetic analyses suggest local endemic circulation as well as punctuated introductions of new HPIV lineages. Viral gene flow analysis revealed that Viet Nam is a net importer of viral genetic diversity. Epidemiological analyses imply similar disease severity for all HPIV species. HPIV sequences from Viet Nam formed local clusters and were interspersed with sequences from diverse geographic regions. Combined, this new knowledge will help to investigate global HPIV circulation patterns in more detail and ultimately define more suitable vaccine strains.

Molecular detection of respiratory pathogens among children aged younger than 5 years hospitalized with febrile acute respiratory infections: A prospective hospital‐based observational study in Niamey, Niger

“…Among the cases in which HPIV and HCoV were detected, HPIV type 3 and HCoV type OC43 were the predominant types, and this is consistent with previous studies . In this study, INFs were detected in 8.5% of the cases, which is in agreement with findings from the national influenza surveillance and other related studies in Africa among patients hospitalized with SARI .…”

Genetic diversity and evolutionary analysis of human respirovirus type 3 strains isolated in Kenya using complete hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene

“…The mean TMRCA of HRV3 HN glycoprotein for the whole sequence dataset was estimated at 1942 (95% HPD: 1928-1957) while the mean evolutionary rate was 4.65x10 -4 nucleotide substitutions/site/year (95% HPD: 2.99x10 -4 to 6.35x10 -4 ). These results are similar to the findings by Linster et al, [3] and Bose et al [11], respectively. The TMRCA of 1942 suggests that the HRV3 virus was already an established human pathogen way before its discovery in the late 1950s [5].…”

“…The most susceptible groups to these viruses are children, the elderly, and immunocompromised persons [1,2]. These viruses belong to the family Paramyxoviridae and are grouped into four types, HPIV 1-4, based on genetic and antigenic differences [3,4]. HPIV types 2 and 4 are members of the genus Rubulavirus [5][6][7][8], whereas HPIV types 1 and 3 are classified as members of the genus Respirovirus.…”

“…Each of these virus types is associated with distinct respiratory disease manifestations/clinical features [9]. Amongst the genus Respirovirus, HRV3 is the most frequent etiology of acute lower respiratory tract infection (such as pneumonia and bronchiolitis) in infants and young children, ranking second only to the human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) [3,[10][11][12].…”

Peripheral blood T cells response in human parainfluenza virus-associated lower respiratory tract infection in children

“…Human parainfluenza virus (HPIV) is one of the most common pathogens associated with the serious and broad pathogenic spectrum of LRTI ( Pawelczyk and Kowalski, 2017 , Linster et al, 2018 ) such as pneumonia, bronchitis, and bronchiolitis especially in the pediatric, elder and immunocompromised host ( Bose et al, 2019 ). HPIV infection does not confer complete protective immunity due to a lack of specific effective vaccines and recurrent infection reported throughout life ( Bose et al, 2019 ).…”