Clinical and pathological findings of concurrent poxvirus lesions and aspergillosis infection in canaries

Kheirandish, Reza; Askari, Nasrin; Salehi, Mahmoud

doi:10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60046-5

Cited by 13 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…In general, diphtheritic and mixed pox infections present higher mortality rates than the cutaneous form [13,22,25], and it seems to cause higher mortality in wild birds than in poultry [26]. Septicemic infection is a rare expression of the disease [27], reported especially in canaries [2,28].…”

Section: Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review on the Prevalence of Poxvirus Disease in Free-Living and Captive Wild Birds

Williams

Truchado

Benı́tez

2021

Microbiology Research

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Avian pox is a widespread infection in birds caused by genus Avipoxvirus pathogens. It is a noteworthy, potentially lethal disease to wild and domestic hosts. It can produce two different conditions: cutaneous pox, and diphtheritic pox. Here, we carry out an exhaustive review of all cases of avian pox reported from wild birds to analyze the effect and distribution in different avian species. Avian poxvirus strains have been detected in at least 374 wild bird species, a 60% increase on a 1999 review on avian pox hosts. We also analyze epizootic cases and if this disease contributes to wild bird population declines. We frequently observe very high prevalence in wild birds in remote island groups, e.g., Hawaii, Galapagos, etc., representing a major risk for the conservation of their unique endemic avifauna. However, the difference in prevalence between islands and continents is not significant given the few available studies. Morbidity and mortality can also be very high in captive birds, due to high population densities. However, despite the importance of the disease, the current detection rate of new Avipoxvirus strains suggests that diversity is incomplete for this group, and more research is needed to clarify its real extent, particularly in wild birds.

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Section: Pathologymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is, however, easier to monitor (and simpler to detect) the infection in captive than in wild populations. Mortality rates among captive birds may reach very high levels, and in many cases their death it is due to the systemic form of the disease, for example in canaries [28,[85][86][87].…”

Section: Outbreaks In Captive Wild Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Prevalence of Poxvirus Disease in Free-Living and Captive Wild Birds

Williams

Truchado

Benı́tez

2021

Microbiology Research

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“…Mice bitten by CHIKV-infected mosquitoes showed significant increases in erythema readings on days 5 and 10, with a significant decrease noted on day 8 (Fig 2B), as compared to control mice bitten by uninfected mosquitoes. Presence of a rash can be variable among human disease [68,69,[71][72][73], however when present it is concomitant with fever spikes [74].…”

Section: Hu-nsg Mice Infected Via Mosquito Bite But Not By Needle Inoculation Demonstrate Signs Of Chikv Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mosquito-bite infection of humanized mice with chikungunya virus produces systemic disease with long-term effects

et al. 2021

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Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an emerging, mosquito-borne alphavirus responsible for acute to chronic arthralgias and neuropathies. Although it originated in central Africa, recent reports of disease have come from many parts of the world, including the Americas. While limiting human CHIKV cases through mosquito control has been used, it has not been entirely successful. There are currently no licensed vaccines or treatments specific for CHIKV disease, thus more work is needed to develop effective countermeasures. Current animal research on CHIKV is often not representative of human disease. Most models use CHIKV needle inoculation via unnatural routes to create immediate viremia and localized clinical signs; these methods neglect the natural route of transmission (the mosquito vector bite) and the associated human immune response. Since mosquito saliva has been shown to have a profound effect on viral pathogenesis, we evaluated a novel model of infection that included the natural vector, Aedes species mosquitoes, transmitting CHIKV to mice containing components of the human immune system. Humanized mice infected by 3–6 mosquito bites showed signs of systemic infection, with demonstrable viremia (by qRT-PCR and immunofluorescent antibody assay), mild to moderate clinical signs (by observation, histology, and immunohistochemistry), and immune responses consistent with human infection (by flow cytometry and IgM ELISA). This model should give a better understanding of human CHIKV disease and allow for more realistic evaluations of mechanisms of pathogenesis, prophylaxis, and treatments.

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“…Many bird species experience life-long immunity if the immune system is not weakened and or the birds are not infected by different strains [ 27 , 28 ]. As shown in our example, secondary infections can occur and these may contribute to morbidity and mortality [ 29 – 31 ]. Similar to the example in shearwaters, Shivaprasad et al [ 30 ] reported evidence of poxvirus infection and secondary fungal pathogens in canaries ( Serinus canaria ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic characterization of two novel pathogenic avipoxviruses isolated from pacific shearwaters (Ardenna spp.)

et al. 2017

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BackgroundOver the past 20 years, many marine seabird populations have been gradually declining and the factors driving this ongoing deterioration are not always well understood. Avipoxvirus infections have been found in a wide range of bird species worldwide, however, very little is known about the disease ecology of avian poxviruses in seabirds. Here we present two novel avipoxviruses from pacific shearwaters (Ardenna spp), one from a Flesh-footed Shearwater (A. carneipes) (SWPV-1) and the other from a Wedge-tailed Shearwater (A. pacificus) (SWPV-2).ResultsEpidermal pox lesions, liver, and blood samples were examined from A. carneipes and A. pacificus of breeding colonies in eastern Australia. After histopathological confirmation of the disease, PCR screening was conducted for avipoxvirus, circovirus, reticuloendotheliosis virus, and fungal agents. Two samples that were PCR positive for poxvirus were further assessed by next generation sequencing, which yielded complete Shearwaterpox virus (SWPV) genomes from A. pacificus and A. carneipes, both showing the highest degree of similarity with Canarypox virus (98% and 67%, respectively). The novel SWPV-1 complete genome from A. carneipes is missing 43 genes compared to CNPV and contains 4 predicted genes which are not found in any other poxvirus, whilst, SWPV-2 complete genome was deemed to be missing 18 genes compared to CNPV and a further 15 genes significantly fragmented as to probably cause them to be non-functional.ConclusionThese are the first avipoxvirus complete genome sequences that infect marine seabirds. In the comparison of SWPV-1 and −2 to existing avipoxvirus sequences, our results indicate that the SWPV complete genome from A. carneipes (SWPV-1) described here is not closely related to any other avipoxvirus genome isolated from avian or other natural host species, and that it likely should be considered a separate species.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-3680-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Clinical and pathological findings of concurrent poxvirus lesions and aspergillosis infection in canaries

Cited by 13 publications

References 23 publications

A Review on the Prevalence of Poxvirus Disease in Free-Living and Captive Wild Birds

A Review on the Prevalence of Poxvirus Disease in Free-Living and Captive Wild Birds

Mosquito-bite infection of humanized mice with chikungunya virus produces systemic disease with long-term effects

Genomic characterization of two novel pathogenic avipoxviruses isolated from pacific shearwaters (Ardenna spp.)

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