Clinical application of intermittent fasting for weight loss: progress and future directions

Varady, Krista A; Cienfuegos, Sofia; Ezpeleta, Mark; Gabel, Kelsey

doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00638-x

Cited by 177 publications

(140 citation statements)

References 105 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

133

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Intermittent fasting has gained tremendous popularity over the last decade as a weight loss regimen [ 1 , 2 ]. Intermittent fasting is an umbrella term for three different diets: alternate day fasting (ADF), the 5:2 diet, and time-restricted eating (TRE).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The 5:2 diet, on the other hand, is a modified version of ADF that involves 5 feast days and 2 fast days per week. Finally, TRE involves confining the eating window to a specified number of hours per day (usually 4 to 10 h) and fasting with zero-calorie beverages for the remaining hours [ 1 , 2 ]. Accumulating evidence indicates that these various intermittent fasting regimens are effective for decreasing body weight and improving insulin sensitivity, blood pressure, and markers of oxidative stress in adults with obesity [ 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…While these findings are indeed concerning, it should be noted that the female rats were very young (3 months old), which corresponds to a human aged 9 years old [ 7 ]. Intermittent fasting is not recommended for children under the age of 12, since it has the potential to negatively impact puberty and growth [ 2 ]. Thus, data from the Kumar et al study [ 6 ], though valuable to the field, do not provide evidence for how fasting may impact reproductive hormone levels in adult females.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Reproductive Hormone Levels in Females and Males: A Review of Human Trials

et al. 2022

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Intermittent fasting is a popular diet for weight loss, but concerns have been raised regarding the effects of fasting on the reproductive health of women and men. Accordingly, we conducted this literature review to clarify the effects of fasting on reproductive hormone levels in humans. Our results suggest that intermittent fasting decreases androgen markers (i.e., testosterone and the free androgen index (FAI)) while increasing sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels in premenopausal females with obesity. This effect was more likely to occur when food consumption was confined to earlier in the day (eating all food before 4 pm). In contrast, fasting did not have any effect on estrogen, gonadotropins, or prolactin levels in women. As for men, intermittent fasting reduced testosterone levels in lean, physically active, young males, but it did not affect SHBG concentrations. Interestingly, muscle mass and muscular strength were not negatively affected by these reductions in testosterone. In interpreting these findings, it is important to note that very few studies have been conducted on this topic. Thus, it is difficult to draw solid conclusions at present. From the limited data presented here, it is possible that intermittent fasting may decrease androgen markers in both genders. If this is the case, these results would have varied health implications. On the one hand, fasting may prove to be a valuable tool for treating hyperandrogenism in females with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) by improving menstruation and fertility. On the other hand, fasting may be shown to decrease androgens among males, which could negatively affect metabolic health and libido. More research is warranted to confirm these preliminary findings.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Reproductive Hormone Levels in Females and Males: A Review of Human Trials

et al. 2022

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Intermittent fasting has grown in popularity in the past few years ( 4 – 7 ). Multiple clinical trials support that short-term intermittent fasting can produce clinically significant metabolic benefits in obese subjects ( 5 ). Compared with traditional forms of dietary intervention such as chronic calorie restriction that generally require individuals to vigilantly monitor energy intake, intermittent fasting is often considered to be easier in regard to adherence ( 8 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An intermittent fasting regimen can be defined as periods of fasting alternating with periods of eating. Some of the most studied intermittent fasting methods include alternate day fasting (ADF) (0–500 kcal per fast day alternating with ad libitum intake on feast days), the 5:2 fasting (two fast days and five feast days per week), and time-restricted fasting (eating only within a prescribed window of time each day) ( 5 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alternate Day Fasting Improves Endothelial Function in Type 2 Diabetic Mice: Role of Adipose-Derived Hormones

Cui

Lee²,

Sun³

et al. 2022

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

IntroductionIntermittent fasting, including alternate day fasting (ADF), has grown in popularity as it can produce clinically significant metabolic benefits and is often considered to be easier to adhere to than other types of diets such as chronic calorie restriction. However, the effects of ADF on diabetes-associated vascular dysfunction, and the role of adipose-derived hormones, i.e., adipokines, in mediating its effects, remain largely unknown.ObjectiveWe aimed to test the hypothesis that ADF protects against diabetes-associated endothelial dysfunction, at least partly through modulating adipokine profiles.MethodsControl mice (m Leprdb) and diabetic mice (Leprdb) were treated with 12-weeks of ADF. Glucose metabolism, endothelial function, and adipokine profile were assessed.ResultsADF reduced fasting blood glucose level and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and improved insulin sensitivity. ADF improved endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of small mesenteric arteries (SMA) of Leprdb mice. The improvement in endothelial function was largely attenuated by incubation with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, L-NAME. These ADF-induced metabolic and vascular benefits were accompanied by increased circulating adiponectin. Adenovirus-mediated adiponectin supplementation improved endothelial function in Leprdb mice, supporting endothelial protective roles in diabetes-associated endothelial dysfunction. Protein tyrosine nitration is a post-translational modification that serves as a marker of oxidative stress. Nitrotyrosine protein levels in SMA and mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) were elevated in Leprdb mice. ADF reduced nitrotyrosine protein in SMA, but not in MAT, of Leprdb mice.ConclusionADF exerts metabolic and endothelial protective benefits. The improvement of endothelial function was partly mediated by increased adiponectin, representing an important mechanism for the beneficial vascular effects resulting from ADF.

show abstract

The Role of Diet and Gut Microbiota Interactions in Metabolic Homeostasis

Guan

Liu

2023

Advanced Biology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Diet is a pivotal determinant in shaping the structure and function of resident microorganisms in the gut through different food components, nutritive proportion, and calories. The effects of diet on host metabolism and physiology can be mediated through the gut microbiota. Gut microbiota‐derived metabolites have been shown to regulate glucose and lipid metabolism, energy consumption, and the immune system. On the other hand, emerging evidence indicates that baseline gut microbiota could predict the efficacy of diet intervention, highlighting gut microbiota can be harnessed as a biomarker in personalized nutrition. In this review, the alterations of gut microbiota in different dietary components and dietary patterns, and the potential mechanisms in the diet‐microbiota crosstalk are summarized to understand the interactions of diet and gut microbiota on the impact of metabolic homeostasis.

show abstract

Clinical application of intermittent fasting for weight loss: progress and future directions

Cited by 177 publications

References 105 publications

Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Reproductive Hormone Levels in Females and Males: A Review of Human Trials

Effect of Intermittent Fasting on Reproductive Hormone Levels in Females and Males: A Review of Human Trials

Alternate Day Fasting Improves Endothelial Function in Type 2 Diabetic Mice: Role of Adipose-Derived Hormones

The Role of Diet and Gut Microbiota Interactions in Metabolic Homeostasis

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About